1 (p1): 1 Introduction 1 (p1-1): 1.1 Terrorism, Prevention and the Criminal Justice System 3 (p1-2): 1.2 Conceptualizing the Subject 3 (p1-2-1): 1.2.1 Defining Anticipative Criminal Investigation 6 (p1-2-2): 1.2.2 Selection of Countries 7 (p1-2-3): 1.2.3 The Rule of Law 11 (p1-2-4): 1.2.4 Criminal Procedural Law 16 (p1-2-5): 1.2.5 The Relation Between Criminal Investigation and Criminal Procedural Law 16 (p1-2-6): 1.2.6 The Relation Between Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Investigation 18 (p1-3): 1.3 Contextualizing States' Preventive Measures 19 (p1-3-1): 1.3.1 The Influence of International Institutions 22 (p1-3-2): 1.3.2 A Duty to Prevent Terrorism under International Human Rights Law Obligations 25 (p1-3-3): 1.3.3 The Influence of Theories on the Risk Society,the Culture of Control and the Precautionary Principle on Mobilizing Criminal Law for the Purpose of Prevention 26 (p1-4): 1.4 Framing the Subject 29 (p1-5): 1.5 Research Question 30 (p1-6): 1.6 Approach and Methodology 37 (p2): Part I The Netherlands 37 (p2-1): 2 The System of Criminal Investigation in the Netherlands 37 (p2-1-1): 2.1 Introduction 37 (p2-1-1-1): 2.1.1 Goals of the Chapter 39 (p2-1-1-2): 2.1.2 The Dutch Criminal Justice System 42 (p2-1-1-3): 2.1.3 Meaning of Some Principles and Fundamental Rights Relevant to the Criminal Investigation in Dutch Criminal Procedural Law 43 (p2-1-1-3-1): 2.1.3.1 The Principle of Legality 46 (p2-1-1-3-2): 2.1.3.2 The Right to Respect for Private Life 47 (p2-1-1-3-2-1): 2.1.3.2.1 Article 8 ECHR 51 (p2-1-1-3-2-2): 2.1.3.2.2 Article 10 Constitution 52 (p2-1-1-3-3): 2.1.3.3 The Right to a Fair Trial 52 (p2-1-1-3-3-1): 2.1.3.3.1 The Presumption of Innocence 55 (p2-1-1-3-3-2): 2.1.3.3.2 Implications of Article 6 ECHR for Pre-Trial Proceedings 58 (p2-1-1-3-4): 2.1.3.4 The Principles of the Due Administration of Justice 59 (p2-1-1-3-4-1):...

zlibzh/no-category/MARIANNE F.H.HIRSCH BALLIN, Marianne Francisca Henrica Hirsch Ballin, Marianne F. H. Hirsch Ballin, Hirsch Ballin, Marianne F.H./ANTICIPATIVE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION_117923879.pdf

T.M.C. Asser Press : Imprint: T.M.C. Asser Press

T.M.C. Asser Press ; Springer [distr

Stichting T.M.C. Asser Instituut

MyiLibrary

United States, United States of America

The Hague, Berlin, Netherlands, 2012

Springer Nature, The Hague, 2012

Netherlands, Netherlands

Apr 16, 2014

2012, 2014

Bookmarks: p1 (p1): 1 Introduction
p1-1 (p1): 1.1 Terrorism, Prevention and the Criminal Justice System
p1-2 (p3): 1.2 Conceptualizing the Subject
p1-2-1 (p3): 1.2.1 Defining Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p1-2-2 (p6): 1.2.2 Selection of Countries
p1-2-3 (p7): 1.2.3 The Rule of Law
p1-2-4 (p11): 1.2.4 Criminal Procedural Law
p1-2-5 (p16): 1.2.5 The Relation Between Criminal Investigation and Criminal Procedural Law
p1-2-6 (p16): 1.2.6 The Relation Between Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Investigation
p1-3 (p18): 1.3 Contextualizing States' Preventive Measures
p1-3-1 (p19): 1.3.1 The Influence of International Institutions
p1-3-2 (p22): 1.3.2 A Duty to Prevent Terrorism under International Human Rights Law Obligations
p1-3-3 (p25): 1.3.3 The Influence of Theories on the Risk Society,the Culture of Control and the Precautionary Principle on Mobilizing Criminal Law for the Purpose of Prevention
p1-4 (p26): 1.4 Framing the Subject
p1-5 (p29): 1.5 Research Question
p1-6 (p30): 1.6 Approach and Methodology
p2 (p37): Part Ⅰ The Netherlands
p2-1 (p37): 2 The System of Criminal Investigation in the Netherlands
p2-1-1 (p37): 2.1 Introduction
p2-1-1-1 (p37): 2.1.1 Goals of the Chapter
p2-1-1-2 (p39): 2.1.2 The Dutch Criminal Justice System
p2-1-1-3 (p42): 2.1.3 Meaning of Some Principles and Fundamental Rights Relevant to the Criminal Investigation in Dutch Criminal Procedural Law
p2-1-1-3-1 (p43): 2.1.3.1 The Principle of Legality
p2-1-1-3-2 (p46): 2.1.3.2 The Right to Respect for Private Life
p2-1-1-3-2-1 (p47): 2.1.3.2.1 Article 8 ECHR
p2-1-1-3-2-2 (p51): 2.1.3.2.2 Article 10 Constitution
p2-1-1-3-3 (p52): 2.1.3.3 The Right to a Fair Trial
p2-1-1-3-3-1 (p52): 2.1.3.3.1 The Presumption of Innocence
p2-1-1-3-3-2 (p55): 2.1.3.3.2 Implications of Article 6 ECHR for Pre-Trial Proceedings
p2-1-1-3-4 (p58): 2.1.3.4 The Principles of the Due Administration of Justice
p2-1-1-3-4-1 (p59): 2.1.3.4.1 Proportionality and Subsidiarity
p2-1-1-3-4-2 (p61): 2.1.3.4.2 Prohibition on Détournement de Pouvoir
p2-1-2 (p61): 2.2 The Sword Function of the Dutch Criminal Investigation
p2-1-2-1 (p61): 2.2.1 The Actors Responsible for Truth-Finding
p2-1-2-1-1 (p63): 2.2.1.1 The Police
p2-1-2-1-2 (p65): 2.2.1.2 The Public Prosecution Service (PPS)
p2-1-2-1-3 (p67): 2.2.1.3 The Examining Magistrate
p2-1-2-1-4 (p69): 2.2.1.4 The AIVD (General Intelligence and Security Service)
p2-1-2-2 (p71): 2.2.2 The Powers Available for Truth-Finding in the Criminal Investigation
p2-1-2-2-1 (p73): 2.2.2.1 Article 2 Police Act 1993
p2-1-2-2-2 (p79): 2.2.2.2 Investigative Techniques with a Specific Basis in the Law
p2-1-2-2-2-1 (p79): 2.2.2.2.1 The Act on Special Investigative Techniques of 1999
p2-1-2-2-2-1-1 (p80): 2.2.2.2.1.1 Classical investigation
p2-1-2-2-2-1-2 (p81): 2.2.2.2.1.2 Organized Crime Investigation
p2-1-2-2-2-2 (p83): 2.2.2.2.2 Investigative Methods with a Specific Legal Basis in Special Criminal Acts
p2-1-2-2-3 (p86): 2.2.2.3 The Preliminary Investigation
p2-1-2-2-4 (p87): 2.2.2.4 The Investigative Powers of the Intelligence Community in Relation to Criminal Justice
p2-1-2-2-4-1 (p87): 2.2.2.4.1 The Investigative Powers of the AIVD
p2-1-2-2-4-2 (p89): 2.2.2.4.2 Transfer of Information Obtained by the AIVD to Law Enforcement Services
p2-1-2-3 (p91): 2.2.3 Conclusion
p2-1-3 (p93): 2.3 The Shield Function of the Dutch Criminal Investigation
p2-1-3-1 (p93): 2.3.1 The Responsibility of the Actors Towards a Fair Procedure
p2-1-3-1-1 (p94): 2.3.1.1 The Police
p2-1-3-1-2 (p96): 2.3.1.2 The Public Prosecutor
p2-1-3-1-3 (p101): 2.3.1.3 The Examining Magistrate
p2-1-3-1-4 (p105): 2.3.1.4 The Trial Judge
p2-1-3-1-5 (p106): 2.3.1.5 The Position of the Suspect
p2-1-3-1-6 (p109): 2.3.1.6 The Position of Other Subjects of Criminal Investigative Activities
p2-1-3-2 (p111): 2.3.2 The Protective Elements in the System of Criminal Investigation
p2-1-3-2-1 (p112): 2.3.2.1 Regulation Following the Principle of Legality and the Right to Respect for Private Life
p2-1-3-2-1-1 (p113): 2.3.2.1.1 The Requirements of the Restrictive Clause of Article 8 ECHR
p2-1-3-2-1-2 (p118): 2.3.2.1.2 The Requirements of the Principle of Legality and the Right to Respect for Private Life in the Regulation of Criminal Investigative Powers
p2-1-3-2-2 (p121): 2.3.2.2 The Separation of Criminal Investigation from other Forms of Investigation
p2-1-3-2-2-1 (p122): 2.3.2.2.1 The Definition of a Criminal Investigation
p2-1-3-2-2-2 (p125): 2.3.2.2.2 Separation from Administrative Supervision
p2-1-3-2-2-3 (p127): 2.3.2.2.3 Separation from Intelligence Investigation
p2-1-3-2-2-4 (p129): 2.3.2.2.4 The Relation Between the Preliminary Investigation and the Criminal Investigation
p2-1-3-2-3 (p131): 2.3.2.3 The Suspicion Requirement
p2-1-3-2-3-1 (p132): 2.3.2.3.1 The Definition of a Suspect:Article 27 CCP
p2-1-3-2-3-2 (p137): 2.3.2.3.2 Different Degrees of Suspicion
p2-1-3-2-3-2-1 (p138): 2.3.2.3.2.1 Title IVA: The Classical Investigation
p2-1-3-2-3-2-2 (p139): 2.3.2.3.2.2 Title V: The Organized Crime Investigation
p2-1-3-2-3-2-3 (p143): 2.3.2.3.2.3 Title Ve: The Preliminary Investigation
p2-1-3-2-3-2-4 (p145): 2.3.2.3.2.4 The Threshold of Indications in Special Criminal Acts
p2-1-3-2-3-2-5 (p148): 2.3.2.3.2.5 Other Degrees of Suspicion and Supplementary Conditions
p2-1-3-2-3-3 (p149): 2.3.2.3.3 The Protective Function of the Suspicion Threshold
p2-1-3-3 (p151): 2.3.2.4 Other Protective Elements Adopted in the CCP
p2-1-3-3-1 (p151): 2.3.2.4.1 The Duty to Compile Records
p2-1-3-3-2 (p153): 2.3.2.4.2 The Remedies of Article 359a CCP
p2-1-3-4 (p156): 2.3.3 Conclusion
p2-2 (p161): 3 Counterterrorism Measures Affecting Criminal Investigation in the Netherlands
p2-2-1 (p161): 3.1 Introduction
p2-2-1-1 (p163): 3.1.1 Counterterrorism Measures Under the Preventive Paradigm
p2-2-1-2 (p167): 3.1.2 The Shift to Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p2-2-1-3 (p169): 3.1.3 Goals of the Chapter
p2-2-2 (p170): 3.2 Changes Affecting the Criminal Investigation
p2-2-2-1 (p170): 3.2.1 Legislative Measures
p2-2-2-1-1 (p172): 3.2.1.1 The Investigative Domain of Terrorism Investigations: Title Vb
p2-2-2-1-2 (p177): 3.2.1.2 Preliminary Investigation for Preparing Terrorism Investigations
p2-2-2-1-3 (p181): 3.2.1.3 New Criminal Investigative Powers
p2-2-2-2 (p184): 3.2.2 The Evolvement Towards Intelligence-Led Criminal Law Enforcement
p2-2-3 (p185): 3.3 Changes Affecting the Relation Between the AIVD and the PPS
p2-2-3-1 (p187): 3.3.1 AIVD Reports as Starting Information for a Criminal Investigation
p2-2-3-2 (p190): 3.3.2 The Shielded Witnesses Act
p2-2-3-3 (p193): 3.3.3 Parallel Investigations
p2-2-3-4 (p197): 3.3.4 The Counterterrorism Information Box
p2-2-3-5 (p199): 3.3.5 Other Measures Enhancing Cooperation
p2-2-4 (p200): 3.4 Changes Affecting the Relation Between Administrative Law and Criminal Procedural Law
p2-2-4-1 (p202): 3.4.1 Administrative Disturbance
p2-2-5 (p205): 3.5 Conclusion
p2-3 (p209): 4 The Implications of Enabling an Anticipative Criminal Investigations to Confront Terrorism for the Objectives of Criminal Procedural Law: The Netherlands
p2-3-1 (p209): 4.1 Introduction
p2-3-2 (p210): 4.2 Expansion of the Preventive Capacity of the Criminal Investigation
p2-3-2-1 (p211): 4.2.1 Criminal Investigation for the Purpose of Preventing Terrorism
p2-3-2-1-1 (p211): 4.2.1.1 Expansion of the Scope and Nature of the Criminal Investigation of Terrorism
p2-3-2-1-2 (p215): 4.2.1.2 The Protective Value of Indications in Comparison to a Reasonable Suspicion
p2-3-2-1-3 (p221): 4.2.1.3 The Principle of Legality and the Right to Respect for Private Life
p2-3-2-1-3-1 (p222): 4.2.1.3.1 Foreseeability
p2-3-2-1-3-1-1 (p222): 4.2.1.3.1.1 Title Vb
p2-3-2-1-3-1-2 (p227): 4.2.1.3.1.2 Preliminary Investigation of Terrorist Crimes
p2-3-2-1-3-1-3 (p228): 4.2.1.3.1.3 Search Powers for the Prevention of Terrorism
p2-3-2-1-3-2 (p231): 4.2.1.3.2 Necessary in a Democratic Society
p2-3-2-2 (p232): 4.2.2 Trends in Criminal Investigative Policy
p2-3-2-2-1 (p232): 4.2.2.1 Balancing Prevention Against Legal Protection
p2-3-2-2-2 (p235): 4.2.2.2 Choosing Between the Criminal Investigative Domains
p2-3-2-3 (p239): 4.2.3 Shifting Responsibilities Among the Various Actors
p2-3-2-3-1 (p241): 4.2.3.1 Authorization of Investigative Methods
p2-3-2-3-2 (p243): 4.2.3.2 Protective function of the Principles of Proportionality and Subsidiarity and Ex Post Judicial Control
p2-3-2-3-3 (p246): 4.2.3.3 Conclusion
p2-3-2-4 (p247): 4.2.4 Final Remarks
p2-3-3 (p248): 4.3 Demarcating the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p2-3-3-1 (p248): 4.3.1 The Relation Between Anticipative Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Investigation
p2-3-3-2 (p253): 4.3.2 Relation Between Anticipative Criminal Investigation and Administrative Supervisory Authority
p2-3-3-3 (p256): 4.3.3 Defining and Positioning the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p2-3-3-4 (p259): 4.3.4 Using Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings:An Infected Criminal Process?
p2-3-3-4-1 (p261): 4.3.4.1 Control over the Use of AIVD or CIE Reports as Starting Information
p2-3-3-4-2 (p263): 4.3.4.2 Control over Parallel Investigations
p2-3-3-4-3 (p264): 4.3.4.3 An Infected Criminal Process?
p2-3-4 (p269): 4.4 Conclusion
p2-3-4-1 (p269): 4.4.1 Characterizing the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p2-3-4-2 (p270): 4.4.2 Implications for the Shield Objective of Criminal Procedural Law
p2-3-4-2-1 (p271): 4.4.2.1 Weakened Protection of the Right to Respect for Private Life and the Presumption of Innocence
p2-3-4-2-2 (p273): 4.4.2.2 An Infected Criminal Process
p3 (p277): Part Ⅱ The United States
p3-1 (p277): 5 The System of Criminal Investigation in the United States
p3-1-1 (p277): 5.1 Introduction
p3-1-1-1 (p277): 5.1.1 Goals of the Chapter
p3-1-1-2 (p279): 5.1.2 Framing the Subject
p3-1-1-3 (p282): 5.1.3 The US Criminal Justice System
p3-1-1-4 (p285): 5.1.4 Constitutional Principles
p3-1-1-4-1 (p286): 5.1.4.1 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures and the Right to Private Life: Fourth Amendment
p3-1-1-4-2 (p290): 5.1.4.2 Due Process of Law: Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments
p3-1-2 (p295): 5.2 The Sword Function of the US Criminal Investigation
p3-1-2-1 (p295): 5.2.1 The Actors Responsible for Truth-Finding
p3-1-2-1-1 (p296): 5.2.1.1 The Police
p3-1-2-1-2 (p298): 5.2.1.2 The Prosecutors
p3-1-2-1-3 (p300): 5.2.1.3 The Grand Jury
p3-1-2-1-4 (p301): 5.2.1.4 National Security Power and the Intelligence Community
p3-1-2-2 (p305): 5.2.2 The Powers Available for Truth-Finding in the Criminal Investigation
p3-1-2-2-1 (p306): 5.2.2.1 Conventional Criminal Investigation
p3-1-2-2-1-1 (p307): 5.2.2.1.1 Search Powers
p3-1-2-2-1-2 (p309): 5.2.2.1.2 The Search Powers of Surveillance and the Use of Undercover Agents and Informants
p3-1-2-2-2 (p313): 5.2.2.2 The Possibilities for Proactive Criminal Investigations
p3-1-2-2-3 (p314): 5.2.2.3 The Powers Available in National Security Investigations in Relation to Criminal Justice
p3-1-2-2-3-1 (p315): 5.2.2.3.1 The National Security Investigation—FISA
p3-1-2-2-3-2 (p321): 5.2.2.3.2 The Transfer of Information Gathered During a National Security Investigation to the Law Enforcement Community
p3-1-2-3 (p324): 5.2.3 Conclusion
p3-1-3 (p326): 5.3 The Shield Function of the US Criminal Investigation
p3-1-3-1 (p326): 5.3.1 The Responsibility of the Actors Towards a Fair Procedure
p3-1-3-1-1 (p326): 5.3.1.1 The Police
p3-1-3-1-2 (p327): 5.3.1.2 The Public Prosecutor
p3-1-3-1-3 (p330): 5.3.1.3 The Defense
p3-1-3-1-4 (p334): 5.3.1.4 Position of Other Subjects of Criminal Investigative Activities
p3-1-3-2 (p336): 5.3.1.5 Magistrate Judge
p3-1-3-3 (p337): 5.3.2 The Protective Elements in the System of Criminal Investigation
p3-1-3-3-1 (p337): 5.3.2.1 Regulation Following from the Fourth Amendment
p3-1-3-3-1-1 (p337): 5.3.2.1.1 Probable Cause
p3-1-3-3-1-1-1 (p337): 5.3.2.1.1.1 What is Probable Cause?
p3-1-3-3-1-1-2 (p345): 5.3.2.1.1.2 The Protective Function of Probable Cause
p3-1-3-3-1-2 (p345): 5.3.2.1.2 Warrant
p3-1-3-3-1-3 (p348): 5.3.2.1.3 Reasonableness
p3-1-3-3-1-4 (p353): 5.3.2.1.4 The Exclusionary Rule
p3-1-3-3-2 (p355): 5.3.2.2 Restrictive Function of the Statutory Regulation of Surveillance under Title Ⅲ
p3-1-3-3-2-1 (p357): 5.3.2.2.1 The Application Procedure
p3-1-3-3-2-2 (p358): 5.3.2.2.2 A Review of the Application by the Magistrate Judge
p3-1-3-3-2-3 (p360): 5.3.2.2.3 Execution of an Order under Title Ⅲ
p3-1-3-3-2-4 (p362): 5.3.2.2.4 Exclusion of Evidence Obtained in Violation of Title Ⅲ
p3-1-3-3-3 (p363): 5.3.2.3 Regulation of the FBI's Authority to Investigate Through the Issuance of Guidelines by the Attorney General
p3-1-3-3-3-1 (p364): 5.3.2.3.1 The Levi Guidelines
p3-1-3-3-3-2 (p367): 5.3.2.3.2 The Smith Guidelines
p3-1-3-3-4 (p372): 5.3.2.4 The Restrictive Function of the Regulation of National Security Investigations under FISA
p3-1-3-3-4-1 (p372): 5.3.2.4.1 The Regulation of National Security Investigations
p3-1-3-4 (p377): 5.3.3 Conclusion
p3-1-4 (p381): 5.4 Final Remarks
p3-2 (p385): 6 Counterterrorism Measures Affecting Criminal Investigation in the United States
p3-2-1 (p385): 6.1 Introduction
p3-2-1-1 (p386): 6.1.1 Counterterrorism Measures Under the Preventive Paradigm
p3-2-1-2 (p388): 6.1.2 The Shift to Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p3-2-1-3 (p391): 6.1.3 Goals of the Chapter
p3-2-2 (p392): 6.2 Changes Affecting Search and Surveillance in the Conventional Law Enforcement Context
p3-2-2-1 (p392): 6.2.1 Legislative Measures
p3-2-2-1-1 (p392): 6.2.1.1 Broadening the Scope of Title Ⅲ
p3-2-2-1-2 (p393): 6.2.1.2 Emergency Disclosure
p3-2-2-1-3 (p393): 6.2.1.3 Delayed Notice Warrant
p3-2-2-1-4 (p395): 6.2.1.4 Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices
p3-2-2-1-5 (p396): 6.2.1.5 Consensual Monitoring
p3-2-2-1-6 (p397): 6.2.1.6 Nationwide Applicability of Search Warrants
p3-2-2-2 (p398): 6.2.2 Developments in Case Law
p3-2-2-3 (p402): 6.2.3 Other Developments Enhancing Proactive Capacities of Law Enforcement Agencies
p3-2-3 (p403): 6.3 Changes Affecting the Powers in National Security Investigations
p3-2-3-1 (p403): 6.3.1 Increased FISA Surveillance Powers
p3-2-3-2 (p407): 6.3.2 FISA Court Document Production Orders
p3-2-4 (p415): 6.4 Changes Affecting the Interaction Between the Intelligence and Law Enforcement Communities
p3-2-4-1 (p416): 6.4.1 Provisions of the USA PATRIOT ACT of 2001
p3-2-4-1-1 (p416): 6.4.1.1 Enhancing the Sharing of Information
p3-2-4-1-2 (p419): 6.4.1.2 Changing the Purpose Language
p3-2-4-2 (p422): 6.4.2 The Influence of the Internal Policy of the Department of Justice and the FBI
p3-2-4-2-1 (p424): 6.4.2.1 The Memorandum of Attorney General Ashcroft of 6 March 2002 and the Interagency Memorandum of 2003
p3-2-4-2-2 (p425): 6.4.2.2 The AG Ashcroft Guidelines of 2002 and the AG Ashcroft Guidelines on National Security Investigations of 2003
p3-2-4-2-3 (p429): 6.4.2.3 Mukasey Guidelines on FBI Operations (2008)
p3-2-4-2-4 (p434): 6.4.2.4 Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide of the FBI (2008)
p3-2-4-3 (p437): 6.4.3 Other Developments Enhancing Cooperation Between Intelligence and Law Enforcement
p3-2-5 (p438): 6.5 Other Relevant Investigative Powers
p3-2-5-1 (p438): 6.5.1 The NSA Surveillance Program and its Incorporation in FISA
p3-2-5-2 (p442): 6.5.2 National Security Letters
p3-2-6 (p445): 6.6 Conclusion
p3-3 (p449): 7 The Implications of Enabling Anticipative Criminal Investigations to Confront Terrorism for the Objectives of Criminal Procedural Law in the United States
p3-3-1 (p449): 7.1 Introduction
p3-3-2 (p451): 7.2 Expansion of the Preventive Capacity of Conventional Criminal Law
p3-3-2-1 (p451): 7.2.1 Expansion of the Scope and Nature of Electronic Surveillance
p3-3-2-1-1 (p451): 7.2.1.1 In General
p3-3-2-1-2 (p452): 7.2.1.2 Delayed Notice Warrants
p3-3-2-1-3 (p457): 7.2.1.3 Pen Registers and Trap/Trace Devices
p3-3-2-2 (p460): 7.2.2 A Trend in the Case Law Towards Diminishing the Protective Meaning of the Fourth Amendment for National Security or Terrorism Prevention Interests
p3-3-2-2-1 (p461): 7.2.2.1 Applying the Special Needs Doctrine to Searches for the Prevention of Terrorism
p3-3-2-2-2 (p466): 7.2.2.2 Balancing Liberty Against Security in Fourth Amendment Analysis in Terrorism Cases
p3-3-2-2-2-1 (p466): 7.2.2.2.1 Probable Cause
p3-3-2-2-2-2 (p469): 7.2.2.2.2 Warrant
p3-3-2-2-2-3 (p472): 7.2.2.2.3 Reasonableness
p3-3-2-2-2-4 (p474): 7.2.2.2.4 The Exclusionary Rule
p3-3-2-3 (p474): 7.2.3 The Changed Role of the Relevant Actors
p3-3-3 (p477): 7.3 The Expansion of the Preventive Capacity of National Security Investigations
p3-3-3-1 (p477): 7.3.1 Expansion of the Scope and Nature of FISA Surveillance and Physical Searches
p3-3-3-1-1 (p477): 7.3.1.1 General Development
p3-3-3-1-2 (p480): 7.3.1.2 Roving Surveillance
p3-3-3-1-3 (p481): 7.3.1.3 Pen Register and Trap and Trace Devices
p3-3-3-2 (p482): 7.3.2 FISA Document Production Orders
p3-3-3-2-1 (p483): 7.3.2.1 The Regulation of Document Production Orders under FISA
p3-3-3-2-2 (p487): 7.3.2.2 The Non-Disclosure Requirement
p3-3-3-2-3 (p489): 7.3.2.3 Conclusion
p3-3-4 (p491): 7.4 Interaction Between Law Enforcement and Intelligence Communities for the Purpose of Enabling a Preventive Approach
p3-3-4-1 (p492): 7.4.1 Redefining Institutional Positions and Functions
p3-3-4-2 (p498): 7.4.2 Consequences of the Institutional Position and Functions of the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p3-3-4-3 (p504): 7.4.3 An Infected Criminal Process?
p3-3-4-4 (p511): 7.4.4 Dismantling the Wall: Some Final Remarks
p3-3-5 (p513): 7.5 FISA Surveillance Targeting Non-US Persons Outside the US and National Security Letters
p3-3-5-1 (p513): 7.5.1 FISA Surveillance Targeting Non-US Persons Outside the US
p3-3-5-2 (p515): 7.5.2 National Security Letters
p3-3-6 (p516): 7.6 Conclusion
p3-3-6-1 (p517): 7.6.1 Characterizing the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p3-3-6-2 (p518): 7.6.2 The Implications for the Shield Objective of Criminal Procedural Law
p3-3-6-2-1 (p518): 7.6.2.1 Weakened Fourth Amendment Protection
p3-3-6-2-2 (p522): 7.6.2.2 Abandoning Purpose Limitation
p3-3-6-2-3 (p523): 7.6.2.3 Infected Criminal Process
p4 (p533): Part Ⅲ Thoery, Evaluation and Conclusions
p4-1 (p533): 8 Regulating the Anticipative Criminal Investigation Under the Rule of Law
p4-1-1 (p533): 8.1 Introduction
p4-1-1-1 (p535): 8.1.1 The Path Towards Formulating the Framework of Examination
p4-1-1-1-1 (p536): 8.1.1.1 The Shortcomings of the Balancing Approach
p4-1-1-1-2 (p539): 8.1.1.2 Building the Architecture of the Anticipative Criminal Investigation Under the Rule of Law
p4-1-2 (p541): 8.2 Conclusive Characterization and Positioning of the Anticipative Criminal Investigation
p4-1-3 (p544): 8.3 The Common Ground of the Regulation of Criminal Investigations
p4-1-3-1 (p545): 8.3.1 Three Constitutive Principles
p4-1-3-1-1 (p547): 8.3.1.1 The Presumption of Innocence
p4-1-3-1-2 (p550): 8.3.1.2 Respect for the Fundamental Right to Private Life
p4-1-3-1-3 (p550): 8.3.1.3 Due Process/Fair Trial
p4-1-3-2 (p554): 8.3.2 Three Parameters
p4-1-3-2-1 (p555): 8.3.2.1 Accountability
p4-1-3-2-2 (p557): 8.3.2.2 Proportionality
p4-1-3-2-3 (p558): 8.3.2.3 Necessity
p4-1-4 (p559): 8.4 Seeking Synthesis in the Flexible Area of the Law in the Light of the Circumstances of Modern Society
p4-1-4-1 (p561): 8.4.1 Legitimacy of the Anticipative Criminal Investigation with Regard to the 'Sword Side'
p4-1-4-1-1 (p561): 8.4.1.1 The Argument of Necessity or Exigency Justifying 'Emergency Powers' Outside the Traditional Legal Framework
p4-1-4-1-2 (p564): 8.4.1.2 The Argument of Necessity or Exigency Justifying Exceptions to the Shield Elements within the Traditional Legal Framework
p4-1-4-1-3 (p565): 8.4.1.3 The Argument of the Specific Nature of Terrorist Crimes
p4-1-4-1-4 (p569): 8.4.1.4 The Argument of the Effectiveness of Preventing Harm
p4-1-4-2 (p575): 8.4.2 The Fundamental Nature of an Institutional Distinction Between Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Investigation
p4-1-4-3 (p577): 8.4.3 Conclusion
p4-1-5 (p580): 8.5 Three Pillars of Regulatory Conditions: Legitimization,Integrity and Fairness
p4-1-5-1 (p581): 8.5.1 Legitimization
p4-1-5-2 (p588): 8.5.2 Integrity
p4-1-5-2-1 (p589): 8.5.2.1 Minimization Mechanisms
p4-1-5-2-2 (p590): 8.5.2.2 Controlling Mechanisms
p4-1-5-2-3 (p595): 8.5.2.3 The Availability of a Remedy
p4-1-5-2-4 (p597): 8.5.2.4 Conditions Concerning Integrity
p4-1-5-3 (p598): 8.5.3 Fairness
p4-1-6 (p602): 8.6 Conclusion
p4-2 (p605): 9 Conclusions
p4-2-1 (p605): 9.1 Introduction
p4-2-2 (p608): 9.2 General Perspectives
p4-2-2-1 (p608): 9.2.1 Legitimization and Integrity
p4-2-2-2 (p610): 9.2.2 Fairness and Integrity
p4-2-3 (p612): 9.3 Regulating Anticipative Criminal Investigations Under the Rule of Law: Conclusions and Recommendations
p4-2-3-1 (p612): 9.3.1 The Netherlands: Legitimization and Integrity
p4-2-3-1-1 (p612): 9.3.1.1 Relation Between Legitimizing Grounds and the Purpose of the Criminal Investigation
p4-2-3-1-1-1 (p614): 9.3.1.2 Relating Legitimization to Integrity:Proportionality and the Legitimized Scope and Purpose
p4-2-3-1-1-1-1 (p614): 9.3.1.2.1 The Legitimized Scope and Purpose
p4-2-3-1-1-1-2 (p617): 9.3.1.2.2 Proportionality as a Minimization Mechanism
p4-2-3-1-1-1-3 (p619): 9.3.1.2.3 Search Methods in Terrorist Crime Investigations
p4-2-3-1-1-1-4 (p620): 9.3.1.2.4 Preliminary Investigation of Terrorist Activities
p4-2-3-1-1-2 (p622): 9.3.1.3 Control over the Legitimized Scope and Purpose
p4-2-3-1-1-3 (p623): 9.3.1.4 Some Comments on Notification
p4-2-3-2 (p625): 9.3.2 The United States: Legitimization and Integrity
p4-2-3-2-1 (p625): 9.3.2.1 Regarding the Anticipative Criminal Investigation in Conventional Criminal Law
p4-2-3-2-1-1 (p625): 9.3.2.1.1 Attention to Legitimizing Grounds in the Reasonableness Assessment Under the Fourth Amendment
p4-2-3-2-1-2 (p628): 9.3.2.1.2 Some Comments on the Special Needs Doctrine
p4-2-3-2-1-3 (p628): 9.3.2.1.3 Some Comments on Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices
p4-2-3-2-1-4 (p629): 9.3.2.1.4 Some Comments on Notification
p4-2-3-2-2 (p630): 9.3.2.2 Regarding FISA as a Quasi-Law Enforcement Framework
p4-2-3-2-2-1 (p631): 9.3.2.2.1 FISA Framework Inadequate for Legitimizing Criminal Investigative Activities
p4-2-3-2-2-2 (p633): 9.3.2.2.2 Re-Establishing the Required Legitimization for Anticipative Criminal Investigations
p4-2-3-2-3 (p634): 9.3.2.3 Minimization and Alternative Controlling Mechanisms Instead of Judicial Control
p4-2-3-3 (p637): 9.3.3 The Netherlands: Fairness and Integrity
p4-2-3-3-1 (p638): 9.3.3.1 Control over the AIVD and CIE
p4-2-3-3-2 (p639): 9.3.3.2 Integrity Guarantees Versus Judicial Control: The Fairness of Trial Proceedings
p4-2-3-3-3 (p642): 9.3.3.3 Comment on the Use of Intelligence as Evidence
p4-2-3-4 (p643): 9.3.4 The United States: Fairness and Integrity
p4-2-3-4-1 (p643): 9.3.4.1 Insufficient Control over FISA as a Quasi-Law Enforcement Framework
p4-2-3-4-1-1 (p644): 9.3.4.2 CIPA as a Counterbalancing Procedure
p4-2-3-4-1-2 (p644): 9.3.4.3 The Fairness of the Trial Proceedings
p4-2-4 (p646): 9.4 Final Conclusions
p5 (p651): Epilogue
p6 (p653): Bibliography
p7 (p667): Reports
p8 (p669): List of Cases
p9 (p679): Index

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 653-665) and index.

Source title: Anticipative Criminal Investigation: Theory and Counterterrorism Practice in the Netherlands and the United States

This book deals with the adoption of counterterrorism measures in the Netherlands and the United States which facilitate criminal investigations with a preventive focus (anticipative criminal investigations). These anticipative criminal investigations are assessed from the perspective of rule of law principles. Anticipative criminal investigations have emerged in the legal systems of the Netherlands and the United States as a consequence of counterterrorism approaches that combine the objective of the prevention of terrorism with the objective of eventually prosecuting and punishing terrorists. Because of the attribution of a preventive function to criminal investigations, the role of the criminal justice system in providing security has been repositioned. With respect to this new preventive function of criminal justice, the author identifies the rule of law principles that limit the role of criminal investigation in preventing terrorism. She identifies the possibilities and limits of criminal investigation in general and discusses the cooperation and the division of responsibilities between law enforcement and intelligence. These issues are addressed in a manner which transcends differences between national legal systems. This book is of great interest for academics and practitioners engaged in criminal investigations, counterterrorism and terrorism prevention and the rule of law in general. Dr. Marianne F.H. Hirsch Ballin is presently working as an attorney at Pels Rijcken & Droogleever Fortuijn, The Hague, the Netherlands. The research for the present book was conducted at the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

The book assesses the adoption of counterterrorism measures in the Netherlands and the United States, which facilitate criminal investigations with a preventive focus (anticipative criminal investigations), from the perspective of rule of law principles. Anticipative criminal investigation has emerged in the legal systems of the Netherlands and the United States as a consequence of counterterrorism approaches where the objective of realizing terrorism prevention is combined with the objective to eventually prosecute and punish terrorists. This book has addressed this new preventive function of criminal justice and identified the rule of law principles limiting the role of criminal investigation in terrorism prevention. The possibilities and limits of criminal investigation in general and of cooperation and the division of responsibilities between law enforcement and intelligence have been addressed in a manner transcending differences between national legal systems. Valuable for academics and practitioners interested in criminal investigation, rule of law and counterterrorism.
Erscheinungsdatum: 14.03.2012

The book assesses the adoption of counterterrorism measures in the Netherlands and the United States, which facilitate criminal investigations with a preventive focus (anticipative criminal investigations), from the perspective of rule of law principles. Anticipative criminal investigation has emerged in the legal systems of the Netherlands and the United States as a consequence of counterterrorism approaches where the objective of realizing terrorism prevention is combined with the objective to eventually prosecute and punish terrorists. This book has addressed this new preventive function of criminal justice and identified the rule of law principles limiting the role of criminal investigation in terrorism prevention. The possibilities and limits of criminal investigation in general and of cooperation and the division of responsibilities between law enforcement and intelligence have been addressed in a manner transcending differences between national legal systems. Valuable for academics and practitioners interested in criminal investigation, rule of law and counterterrorism.
Erscheinungsdatum: 16.04.2014

Introduction -- Part I. The Netherlands -- The System Of Criminal Investigation In The Netherlands -- Counterterrorism Measures Affecting Criminal Investigation In The Netherlands -- The Implications Of Enabling An Anticipative Criminal Investigations To Confront Terrorism For The Objectives Of Criminal Procedural Law : The Netherlands --part Ii. The United States -- The System Of Criminal Investigation In The United States -- Counterterrorism Measures Affecting Criminal Investigation In The United States -- The Implications Of Enabling Anticipative Criminal Investigations To Confront Terrorism For The Objectives Of Criminal Procedural Law In The United States -- Part Iii. Theory, Evaluation And Conclusions -- Regulating The Anticipative Criminal Investigation Under The Rule Of Law -- Conclusions. Marianne F.h. Hirsch Ballin. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 653-665) And Index.

2024-06-13