本书是本书介绍了最新的研究进展及其在玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚物质波干涉和利用捕陷离子进行量子计算方面的应用。通常的教科书仅强调原子结构的量子解释,本书作为补充则重点强调了理论的实验基础,最后几章尤其如此。

upload/chinese_2025_10/sciencereading1/B0F64816898814391B0B8A2DD18EB6633000.pdf

Oxford University graduate textbook series: Atomic Physics(Chinese Edition)

原子物理学 : [英文本] Yuan zi wu li xue : [ Ying wen ben

YZWL.s10

Christopher J.Foot

C. J. Foot著; Ot Fo

lyl

科学出版社 Ke xue chu ban she

Science Press

Niujin da xue yan jiu sheng jiao cai xi lie, Di 1 ban, Beijing, 2009

China, People's Republic, China

Di 1 ban, 北京 Beijing, 2009

2022

producers:
AFPL Ghostscript 8.50

目录 13
1 Early atomic physics 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Spectrum of atomic hydrogen 18
1.3 Bohr's theory 20
1.4 Relativistic effects 22
1.5 Moseley and the atomic number 24
1.6 Radiative decay 28
1.7 Einstein A and B coefficients 28
1.8 The Zeeman effect 30
1.8.1 Experimental observation of the Zeeman effect 34
1.9 Summary of atomic units 35
Exercises 36
2 The hydrogen atom 39
2.1 The Schrödinger equation 39
2.1.1 Solution of the angular equation 40
2.1.2 Solution of the radial equation 43
2.2 Transitions 46
2.2.1 Selection rules 47
2.2.2 Integration with respect to θ 49
2.2.3 Parity 49
2.3 Fine structure 51
2.3.1 Spin of the electron 52
2.3.2 The spin-orbit interaction 53
2.3.3 The 6ne structure of h、rdrogen 55
2.3.4 The Lamb shift 57
2.3.5 Transitions between fine-structure levels 58
Further reading 59
Exercises 59
3 Helium 62
3.1 The ground state of helium 62
3.2 Excited states of helium 63
3.2.1 Spin eigenstates 68
3.2.2 Transitions in helium 69
3.3 Evaluation of the integrals in helium 70
3.3.1 Ground state 70
3.3.2 Excited states: the direct integral 71
3.3.3 Excited states: the exchange integral 72
Further reading 73
Exercises 75
4 The alkalis 77
4.1 Shell structure and the periodic table 77
4.2 The quantum defect 78
4.3 The central-field approximation 81
4.4 Numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation 85
4.4.1 Self-consistent Solutions 87
4.5 The spin-orbit interaction: a quantum mechanical approach 88
4.6 Fine structure in the alkalis 90
4.6.1 Relative intensities of fine-structure transitions 91
Further reading 92
Exercises 93
5 The LS-coupling scheme 97
5.1 Fine structure in the LS-coupling scheme 100
5.2 The jj-coupling scheme 101
5.3 Intermediate coupling: the transition between coupling schemes 103
5.4 Selection rules in the LS-coupling scheme 107
5.5 The Zeeman effect 107
5.6 Summary 110
Further reading 111
Exercises 111
6 Hyperflne strueture and isotope shift 114
6.1 Hyperfine structure 114
6.1.1 Hyperfine structure for s-electrons 114
6.1.2 Hydrogen maser 117
6.1.3 Hyperfine structure for l≠0 118
6.1.4 Comparison of hyperfine and fine structures 119
6.2 Isotope shift 122
6.2.1 Mass effects 122
6.2.2 Volume shift 123
6.2.3 Nuclear information from atoms 125
6.3 Zeeman effect and hyperfine structure 125
6.3.1 Zeeman effect of a weak field, μB B<A 126
6.3.2 Zeeman effect of a strong field, μB B>A 127
6.3.3 Intermediate field strength 128
6.4 Measurement of hyperfine structure 129
6.4.1 The atomic-beam technique 131
6.4.2 Atomic clocks 135
Further reading 136
Exercises 137
7 The interaction of atoms with radiation 140
7.1 Setting up the equations 140
7.1.1 Perturbation by an oscillating electric field 141
7.1.2 The rotating-wave approximation 142
7.2 The Einstein B coefficients 143
7.3 Interaction with monochtomatic radiation 144
7.3.1 The concepts of π-pulses andπ/2-pulses 145
7.3.2 The Bloch vector and Bloch sphere 145
7.4 Ramsey fringes 149
7.5 Radiative damping 151
7.5.1 The damping of a classical dipole 152
7.5.2 The optical Bloch equations 154
7.6 The optical absorption cross-section 155
7.6.1 Cross-section for pure radiative broadening 158
7.6.2 The saturation intensity 159
7.6.3 Power broadening 160
7.7 The a.c.Stark effect or light shift 161
7.8 Comment on semiclassical theory 162
7.9 Conclusions 163
Further reading 164
Exercises 165
8 Doppler-free laser spectroscopy 168
8.1 Doppler broadening of spectral lines 168
8.2 The crossed-beam method 170
8.3 Saturated absorption spectroscopy 172
8.3.1 Principle of saturated absorption spectroscopy 173
8.3.2 Cross-over resonances in saturation spectroscopy 176
8.4 Two-photon spectroscopy 180
8.5 Calmration in 1aser spectroscopy 185
8.5.1 Calibration of the relative frequency 185
8.5.2 Absolute calibration 186
8.5.3 Optical frequency combs 188
Further reading 192
Exercises 192
9 Laser Cooling and trapping 195
9.1 The scattering force 196
9.2 Slowing an atomic beam 199
9.2.1 Chirp Cooling 201
9.3 The optical molasses technique 202
9.3.1 The Doppler Cooling limit 205
9.4 The magneto-optical trap 207
9.5 Introduction to the dipole foroe 211
9.6 Theory of the dipole force 214
9.6.1 Optical lattice 218
9.7 The Sisyphus Cooling technique 220
9.7.1 General remarks 220
9.7.2 Detailed description of Sisyphus Cooling 221
9.7.3 Limit of the Sisyphus Cooling mechanism 224
9.8 Raman transitions 225
9.8.1 Velocity selection by Raman transitions 225
9.8.2 Raman Cooling 227
9.9 An atomic fountain 228
9.10 Conclusions 230
Exercises 231
10 Magnetic trapping,evaporative Cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation 235
10.1 Principle of magnetic trapping 235
10.2 Magnetic trapping 237
10.2.1 Confinement in the radial direction 237
10.2.2 Confinement in the axial direction 238
10.3 Evaporative Cooling 241
10.4 Bose-Einstein condensation 243
10.5 Bose-Einstein condensation in trapped atomic vapours 245
10.5.1 The scattering length 246
10.6 A Bose-Einstein condensate 251
10.7 Properties of Bose-condensed gases 256
10.7.1 Speed of sound 256
10.7.2 Healing length 257
10.7.3 The coherence of a Bose-Einstein condensate 257
10.7.4 The atom laser 259
10.8 Conclusions 259
Exercises 260
11 Atom interferometry 263
11.1 Young's double-slit experiment 263
11.2 A diffraction grating for atoms 266
11.3 The three-grating interferometer 268
11.4 Measurement of rotation 268
11.5 The diffraction of atoms by light 270
11.5.1 Interferometry with Raman transitions 272
11.6 Conclusions 274
Further reading 275
Exercises 275
12 Ion traps 276
12.1 The force on ions in an electric field 276
12.2 Earnshaw's theorem 277
12.3 The Paul trap 278
12.3.1 Equilbrium of a ball on a rotating saddle 279
12.3.2 The effective potential in an a.c.field 279
12.3.3 The linear Paul trap 279
12.4 Buffer gas cooling 283
12.5 Laser cooling of trapped ions 284
12.6 Quantum jumps 286
12.7 The Penning trap and the Paul trap 288
12.7.1 The Penning trap 289
12.7.2 Mass spectroscopy of ions 291
12.7.3 The anomalous magnetic moment of the electron 291
12.8 Electron beam ion trap 292
12.9 Resolved sideband Cooling 294
12.10 Summary of ion traps 296
Further reading 296
Exercises 297
13 Quantum computing 299
13.1 Qubits and their properties 300
13.1.1 Entanglement 301
13.2 A quantum logic gate 304
13.2.1 Making a CNOT gate 304
13.3 Parallelism in quantum computing 306
13.4 Summary of quantum computers 308
13.5 Decoherence and quantum error correction 308
13.6 Conclusion 310
Further reading 311
Exercises 311
A Appendix A: Perturbation theory 315
A.1 Mathera&tics of perturbation theory 315
A.2 Interaction of classical oscillators of similar frequencies 316
B Appendix B: The calculation of electrostatic energies 319
C Appendix C: Magnetic dipole transitions 322
D Appendix D: The line shape in saturated absorption spectroscopy 324
E Appendix E: Raman and two-photon transitions 327
E.1 Raman transitions 327
E.2 Two-photon transitions 330
F Appendix F: The statistical mechanics of Bose-Einstein condensation 332
F.1 The statistical mechanics of photons 332
F.2 Bose-Einstein condensation 333
F.2.1 Bose-Einstein condensation in a harmonic trap 335
References 336
Index 343
参考文献 343

2025-10-27