Renowned for its clarity and accessibility of writing style, this popular volume explains the fundamental principles of human anatomy and physiology while exploring the factors that contribute to disease process. Rich with helpful learning features such as Mechanisms of Disease, Health Matters, Diagnostic Study, and Sport and Fitness , this volume has been fully updated to make full reference to European healthcare systems, including drugs, relevant investigations and local treatment protocols. The also book comes with an extensive website facility (which includes a wide array of helpful lecturer resources) and accompanying Brief Atlas of the Human Body and Quick Guide to the Language of Science and Medicine .
Anatomy and Physiology, Adapted International Edition , will be ideal for students of nursing and allied health professions, biomedical and paramedical science, operating department practice, complementary therapy and massage therapy, as well as anyone studying BTEC (or equivalent) human biology.
Unique ‘Clear View of the Human Body’ allows the reader to build up a view of the body layer by layer Clear, conversational writing style helps demystify the complexities of human biology Content presented in digestible ‘chunks’ to aid reading and retention of facts Consistent unifying themes, such as the ‘Big Picture’ and ‘Cycle of Life’ features, help readers understand the interrelation of body systems and how they are influenced by age and development Accompanying Brief Atlas of the Human Body offers more than 100 full-colour transparencies and supplemental images that cover body parts, organs, cross sections, radiography images, and histology slides Quick Guide to the Language of Science and Medicine contains medical terminology and scientific terms, along with pronunciations, definitions, and word part breakdowns for terms highlighted in the text Numerous feature boxes such as Language of Science and Language of Medicine , Mechanisms of Disease, Health Matters, Diagnostic Study, FYI , and Sport and Fitness provide interesting and important side considerations to the main text More than 1,400 full-colour photographs and spectacular drawings illustrate the most current scientific knowledge and help bring difficult concepts to life Quick Check Questions within each chapter help reinforce learning by prompting readers to review what they just read Chapter outlines, chapter objectives and study tips begin each chapter Outline summaries, review questions, critical thinking questions, and case studies are included at the end of each chapter Study Hints found throughout the text give practical advice to students about mnemonics or other helpful means of understanding or recall Connect IT! features link to additional content online to facilitate wider study Helpful Glossary and Anatomical Directions Ideal for students who are new to the subject, or returning to study after a period of absence, and for anyone whose first language is not English

lgrsnf/15188879.pdf

Brief atlas of the human body quick guide to the language of science and medicine for anatomy & physiology

Brief atlas of the human body : [and] Quick guide to the language of science and medicine

Anatomy and Physiology / Brief Atlas of the Human Body

Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd

Elsevier Limited (UK)

Elsevier Science Ltd

W B Saunders Co Ltd

Adapted International edition, St. Louis, Missouri, 2019

Adapted international edition, Amsterdam, 2019

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

4, 20200225

Front Cover
Evolve learning system
Brief Contents
Review extracts
Front matter
Anatomy & physiology
Copyright
About the authors
About the adapter
Preface
Lecturer information
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Colour key
Illustration and photograph credits
Cover and front matter
Unit 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Unit 2
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Unit 3
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Unit 4
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Unit 5
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 44
Unit 6
Chapter 45
Chapter 46
Chapter 47
Chapter 48
1 Introduction
1 Organization of the body
Language of science
Language of medicine
science and society
anatomy and physiology
Anatomy
Physiology
language of science and medicine
characteristics of life
levels of organization
Chemical level—basis for life
Organelle level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organism level
anatomical position
body cavities
Ventral cavities
Dorsal cavities
Other cavities
body regions
Abdominopelvic regions
Upper region
Middle region
Lower region
Abdominopelvic quadrants
terms used in describing body structure
Directional terms
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Terms related to organs
Lumen
Central and peripheral
Medullary and cortical
Basal and apical
Anatomical compass rosette
body planes and sections
Sagittal planes
Coronal planes
Transverse planes
Other planes and sections
interaction of structure and function
case study ​|
Chapter summary
Science and society
Anatomy and physiology
Language of science and medicine
Characteristics of life
Levels of organization (figure 1-3)
Anatomical position (figure 1-4)
Body cavities (figure 1-5; table 1-3)
Body regions (figure 1-7; table 1-4)
Terms used in describing body structure
Body planes and sections (figures 1-10 and 1-11)
Interaction of structure and function
Cycle of life: Life span considerations
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
2 Homeostasis
Language of science
Language of medicine
homeostasis
The internal environment
Relative stability
Set point
Models of homeostasis
homeostatic control mechanisms
Feedback loops
Basic components of control systems
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
Feedback
Negative feedback in control systems
Positive feedback in control systems
Changing the set point
Feed-forward in control systems
levels of homeostatic control
summary of homeostasis
case study |
Chapter summary
Homeostasis
Homeostatic control mechanisms
Levels of control (figure 2-7)
Summary of homeostasis
Cycle of life: Life span considerations
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
3 Chemical basis of life
Language of science
Language of medicine
units of matter
Elements and compounds
Atoms
atomic structure
Cloud model
Atomic number and mass number
Energy levels
Isotopes
attractions between atoms
Chemical bonds
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
attractions between molecules
Hydrogen bonds
Other weak attractions
chemical reactions
metabolism
Body chemistry
Catabolism
Anabolism
organic and inorganic compounds
inorganic molecules
Importance of water
Properties of water
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Electrolytes
Acids and bases
Acids
Bases
The ph scale
Buffers
Salts
case study |
Chapter summary
Units of matter
Atomic structure
Attractions between atoms
Attractions between molecules
Chemical reactions
Metabolism
Organic and inorganic compounds
Inorganic molecules
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
4 Biomolecules
Language of science
Language of medicine
organic molecules
carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides and polysaccharides
lipids
Triglycerides or fats
Types of fatty acids
Formation of triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Prostaglandins
proteins
Amino acids
Levels of protein structure
Primary protein structure
Secondary protein structure
Tertiary protein structure
Quaternary protein structure
Importance of protein shape
nucleic acids and related molecules
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides and related molecules
combined forms
case study |
Chapter summary
Organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids (table 4-2)
Proteins (table 4-3)
Nucleic acids and related molecules
Combined forms
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
5 Cell structure
Language of science
Language of medicine
functional anatomy of cells
The typical cell
Cell structures
cell membranes
Membrane structure
Membrane function
Transport
Identification
Signalling
Connection
cytoplasm and organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (er)
Rough er (rer)
Smooth er (ser)
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Proteasomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
nucleus
cytoskeleton
Cell fibres
Centrosome
Molecular motors
Cell extensions
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
cell connections
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
case study |
Chapter summary
Functional anatomy of cells
Cell membranes
Cytoplasm and organelles
Nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Cell connections
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
6 Cell function
Language of science
Language of medicine
movement of substances through cell membranes
Passive transport processes
Diffusion
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Channel-mediated passive transport
Carrier-mediated passive transport
Role of passive transfer processes
Active transport processes
Transport by pumps
Transport by vesicles
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Role of active transport processes
cell metabolism
Metabolism
Role of enzymes
Chemical structure of enzymes
Classification and naming of enzymes
General function of enzymes
Catabolism
Overview of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport system
Anabolism
case study |
Chapter summary
Movement of substances through cell membranes
Cell metabolism
The big picture: Cell physiology and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
7 Cell growth and development
Language of science
Language of medicine
protein synthesis
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Transcription
Editing the transcript
Translation
Post-translation processing
cell growth
Production of cytoplasm
DNA replication
cell reproduction
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Meiosis
regulating the cell life cycle
case study |
Chapter summary
Growth and reproduction of cells
Protein synthesis
Cell growth
Cell reproduction
Regulating the cell life cycle
Cycle of life: Cells
The big picture: Cell physiology and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
8 Introduction to tissues
Language of science
Language of medicine
introduction to tissues
Principal types of tissue
Development of tissues
extracellular matrix
Fluid environment of the body
Components of the extracellular matrix
Collagen
Elastin
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Holding tissues together
tissue repair
body membranes
Epithelial membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Serous membranes
Mucous membranes
Connective tissue membranes
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction to tissues
Extracellular matrix (ecm)
Tissue repair
Body membranes
The big picture: Tissues, membranes, and the whole body
Critical thinking questions
Review questions
9 Tissue types
Language of science
epithelial tissue
Types and locations of epithelial tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue
Generalizations about epithelial tissue
Classification of epithelial tissue
Membranous epithelium
Classification based on cell shape
Classification based on layers of cells
Simple epithelium.
Stratified epithelium.
Glandular epithelium
Structural classification of exocrine glands
Functional classification of exocrine glands
connective tissue
Functions of connective tissue
Characteristics of connective tissue
Classification of connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense fibrous tissue
Dense irregular fibrous tissue
Dense regular fibrous tissue
Bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
Cancellous (spongy) bone tissue
Cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage tissue
Fibrocartilage tissue
Elastic cartilage tissue
Blood tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
case study |
Chapter summary
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
The big picture: Tissue types and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
2 Introduction
10 Skin
Language of science
Language of medicine
structure of the skin
Thin and thick skin
Epidermis
Cell types
Cell layers
Epidermal growth and repair
Dermoepidermal junction
Dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Dermal growth and repair
hypodermis
skin colour
Melanin
Other pigments
functions of the skin
Protection
Surface film
Sensation
Flexibility
Excretion
Hormone (vitamin D) production
Immunity
Homeostasis of body temperature
Heat production
Heat loss
Evaporation
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Homeostatic regulation of heat loss
appendages of the skin
Hair
Development of hair
Appearance of hair
Nails
Skin glands
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Structure of the skin
Skin colour
Functions of the skin (table 10-2)
Appendages of the skin
Cycle of life: Skin
The big picture: Skin and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
11 Skeletal tissues
Language of science
Language of medicine
functions of bone
types of bones
Parts of a long bone
Parts of flat bones and other bones
bone tissue
Composition of bone matrix
Inorganic salts
Organic matrix
microscopic structure of bone
Compact bone
Cancellous bone
Types of bone cells
bone marrow
regulation of blood calcium levels
Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Other mechanisms
development of bone
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
bone remodelling
repair of bone fractures
cartilage
Types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Function of cartilage
Growth of cartilage
case study |
Chapter summary
Functions of bone
Types of bones
Bone tissue
Microscopic structure of bone
Bone marrow
Regulation of blood calcium levels
Development of bone
Bone remodelling
Repair of bone fractures
Cartilage
Cycle of life: Skeletal tissues
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
12 Axial skeleton
Language of science
Language of medicine
divisions of the skeleton
skull
Cranial bones
Facial bones
Eye orbits
Fetal skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
Spinal curvatures
thorax
Sternum
Ribs
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Divisions of the skeleton (figure 12-1; table 12-1)
Axial skeleton
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
13 Appendicular skeleton
Language of science
Language of medicine
upper extremity
Shoulder girdle
Arm
Forearm
Hand
lower extremity
Pelvic girdle
Thigh
Leg
Foot
skeletal differences between men and women
case study |
Chapter summary
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
Skeletal differences between men and women
Cycle of life: Skeletal system
The big picture: Skeletal system
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
14 Articulations
Language of science
Language of medicine
classification of joints
Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
Syndesmoses
Sutures
Gomphoses
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Synovial joints (diarthroses)
Structure of synovial joints
Types of synovial joints
representative synovial joints
Humeroscapular joint
Elbow joint
Forearm, WRIST, hand, and finger joints
Radioulnar joints
Radiocarpal (WRIST) joints
Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Hip joint
Knee joint
Ankle joint
Vertebral joints
movement at synovial joints
Range of motion
Angular movements
Flexion
Extension and hyperextension
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
Abduction and adduction
Circular movements
Rotation and circumduction
Supination and pronation
Gliding movements
Special movements
Inversion and eversion
Protraction and retraction
Elevation and depression
Examples of joint movements
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Classification of joints
Representative synovial joints
Movement at synovial joints
Cycle of life: Articulations
The big picture: Articulations
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
15 Axial muscles
Language of science
skeletal muscle structure
Connective tissue components
Size, shape, and fibre arrangement
Attachment of muscles
Muscle actions
Lever systems
First-class levers
Second-class levers
Third-class levers
how muscles are named
Hints on how to deduce muscle actions
axial muscles
muscles of the head and neck
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of mastication
Muscles that move the head
trunk muscles
Muscles of the thorax
Muscles of the abdominal wall
Muscles of the back
Muscles of the pelvic floor
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Skeletal muscle structure (figure 15-1)
How muscles are named
Axial muscles
Muscles of the head and neck
Trunk muscles
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
16 Appendicular muscles
Language of science
Language of medicine
appendicular muscles
upper extremity muscles
Muscles acting on the shoulder girdle
Muscles that move the arm
Muscles that move the forearm
Muscles that move the WRIST, hand, and fingers
lower extremity muscles
Muscles that move the thigh and leg
Muscles that move the ankle and foot
posture
How posture is maintained
case study |
Chapter summary
Appendicular muscles
Upper extremity muscles
Lower extremity muscles
Posture
Cycle of life: Muscular system
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
17 Muscle contraction
Language of science
Language of medicine
general functions
function of skeletal muscle tissue
Functional characteristics of muscle
Overview of the muscle cell
Myofilaments
Mechanism of contraction
Excitation of the sarcolemma
Contraction
Relaxation
Energy sources for muscle contraction
Atp
Glucose and oxygen
Catabolic pathways
Heat production
function of skeletal muscle organs
Motor unit
Myography
The twitch contraction
Treppe: The staircase phenomenon
Tetanus
Muscle tone
graded strength principle
Grades of muscle strength
Metabolic condition
Recruitment of motor units
Effect of muscle length on strength
Effect of load on strength
Mobilizing and stabilizing contractions
Isotonic contractions
Isometric contractions
function of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
General functions
Function of skeletal muscle tissue
Function of skeletal muscle organs
Graded strength principle
Function of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue (table 17-1)
The big picture: Muscle tissue and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
3 Introduction
18 Nervous system cells
Language of science
Language of medicine
organization of the nervous system
Central and peripheral nervous systems
Central nervous system (cns)
Peripheral nervous system (pns)
Afferent and efferent divisions
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system (sns)
Autonomic nervous system (ans)
Enteric nervous system (ens)
glia
Overview of glia
Central glia
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Peripheral glia
neurons
Structure and function of neurons
Classification of neurons
Structural classification
Functional classification
reflex arc
nerves and tracts
Nerves
Tracts
White and grey matter
repair of nerve fibres
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Organization of the nervous system
Cells of the nervous system
Nerves and tracts
Repair of nerve fibres
Cycle of life: Nervous system cells
The big picture: Nervous system cells and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
19 Nerve signalling
Language of science
Language of medicine
electrical nature of neurons
Membrane potentials
Resting membrane potentials
Local potentials
action potentials
Mechanism of the action potential
Refractory period
Conduction of the action potential
synaptic transmission
Structure of the synapse
Types of synapses
Electrical synapse
Chemical synapse
Mechanisms of synaptic transmission
Summation
Synapses and memory
neurotransmitters
Functional classification of neurotransmitters
Structural classification of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Amines
Amino acids
Other small-molecule transmitters
Neuropeptides
neural networks
The network model
Development of neural networks
Complexity in neural networks
case study |
Chapter summary
Electrical nature of neurons
Action potentials
Synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters
Neural networks
The big picture: Nerve signalling and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
20 Central nervous system
Language of science
Language of medicine
coverings of the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid spaces
Formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
spinal cord
Structure of the spinal cord
Functions of the spinal cord
brain
Regions of the brain
Brain development
Structure of the brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Functions of the brainstem
Structure of the cerebellum
Functions of the cerebellum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Structure of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral tracts and basal nuclei
Functions of the cerebral cortex
Functional areas of the cortex
Sensory functions of the cortex
Motor functions of the cortex
Integrative functions of the cortex
Consciousness
Language
Emotions
Memory
somatic sensory pathways in the central nervous system
somatic motor pathways in the central nervous system
Pyramidal tracts
Extrapyramidal tracts
case study |
Chapter summary
Coverings of the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal cord
Brain
Somatic sensory pathways in the central nervous system
Somatic motor pathways in the central nervous system
Cycle of life: Central nervous system
The big picture: The central nervous system and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
21 Peripheral nervous system
Language of science
Language of medicine
spinal nerves
Structure of spinal nerves
Nerve plexuses
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus
Dermatomes and myotomes
cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve (cn I)
Optic nerve (cn II)
Oculomotor nerve (cn III)
Trochlear nerve (cn IV)
Trigeminal nerve (cn V)
Abducens nerve (cn VI)
Facial nerve (cn VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (cn VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (cn IX)
Vagus nerve (cn X)
Accessory nerve (cn XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (cn XII)
somatic motor nervous system
Divisions of the peripheral nervous system
Basic principles of somatic motor pathways
Somatic reflexes
Nature of a reflex
Withdrawal reflexes
Somatic reflexes of clinical importance
Knee jerk reflex.
Ankle jerk reflex.
Plantar reflex.
Corneal reflex.
Abdominal reflex.
case study |
Chapter summary
Overview
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Somatic motor nervous system
The big picture: The peripheral nervous system and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
22 Autonomic nervous system
Language of science
Language of medicine
overview of the autonomic nervous system
Role of the autonomic nervous system
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Enteric nervous system
structure of the autonomic nervous system
Basic plan of autonomic pathways
Structure of the sympathetic pathways
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Structure of the parasympathetic pathways
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
Norepinephrine and its receptors
Acetylcholine and its receptors
Nonadrenergic-noncholinergic transmission
Synaptic complexity
Pharmacology
functions of the autonomic nervous system
Overview of autonomic function
Functions of the sympathetic division
Functions of the parasympathetic division
case study |
Chapter summary
Overview of the autonomic nervous system
Structure of the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors
Functions of the autonomic nervous system
The big picture: Autonomic nervous system and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
23 General senses
Language of science
Language of medicine
sensory receptors
Receptor response
Distribution of receptors
classification of receptors
Classification by sensory pathway
Classification by location
Classification by stimulus detected
Classification by structure
sense of pain
sense of temperature
sense of touch
Skin movement
Itch
Tickle
Light touch
Deep touch
sense of proprioception
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Sensory receptors
Classification of receptors
Sense of pain
Sense of temperature
Sense of touch
Sense of proprioception
The big picture: General senses
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
24 Special senses
Language of science
Language of medicine
sense of smell
Olfactory receptors
Olfactory pathway
sense of taste
Taste buds
Neural pathway for taste
senses of hearing and balance
Structure of the ear
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
The process of hearing
Cochlea and cochlear duct
Perceiving sound
Pathway of sound waves
Neural pathway of hearing
Balance
Vestibule and semicircular canals
Static equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium
sense of vision
Structure of the eye
External structures
Eyebrows and eyelashes
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus
Muscles of the eye
Layers of the eyeball
Fibrous layer
Vascular layer
Inner layer
Cavities and humours
The process of seeing
Formation of retinal image
Refraction of light rays
Accommodation for near vision
Change in lens shape.
Constriction of pupil.
Convergence of eyes.
The role of photopigments
Rods
Cones
Ganglion cells
Neural pathway of vision
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Sense of smell
Sense of taste
Senses of hearing and balance
Vision
Cycle of life: Special senses
The big picture: Special senses
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
25 Endocrine regulation
Language of science
Language of medicine
organization of the endocrine system
classification of hormones
Steroid hormones
Nonsteroid hormones
how hormones work
General principles of hormone action
Mechanism of steroid hormone action
Mechanisms of nonsteroid hormone action
The second messenger mechanism
The nuclear-receptor mechanism
Regulation of hormone secretion
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Levels of regulation
Regulation of target cell sensitivity
eicosanoids
Tissue hormones
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes and leukotrienes
Chapter summary
Organization of the endocrine system
Classification of hormones
How hormones work
Eicosanoids
The big picture: Endocrine regulation and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
26 Endocrine glands
Language of science
Language of medicine
pituitary gland
Structure of the pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Tropic hormones
Control of secretion in the adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary)
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
pineal gland
thyroid gland
Structure of the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
parathyroid glands
Structure of the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone
adrenal glands
Structure of the adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids
Adrenal medulla
pancreatic islets
Structure of the pancreatic islets
Pancreatic hormones
gonads
Testes
Ovaries
placenta
thymus
gastric and intestinal mucosa
heart
adipose tissue
other endocrine glands and hormones
case study |
Chapter summary
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreatic islets
Gonads
Placenta
Thymus
Gastric and intestinal mucosa
Heart
Adipose tissue
Other endocrine glands and organs
Cycle of life: Endocrine system
The big picture: The endocrine system and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
4 Introduction
27 Blood
Language of science
Language of medicine
composition of blood
Structure and function of blood
Blood volume
Haematocrit
blood plasma
red blood cells
Structure of red blood cells
Function of red blood cells
Haemoglobin
Formation of red blood cells
Life cycle of red blood cells
Blood types
The abo system
The rh system
white blood cells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
White blood cell numbers
Formation of white blood cells
platelets
Structure and function of platelets
Formation and life span of platelets
haemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting (coagulation)
Activation pathways
Common pathway
Conditions that oppose clotting
Conditions that hasten clotting
Clot dissolution
case study |
Chapter summary
Composition of blood
Blood plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (review figure 27-6)
Haemostasis
The big picture: Blood and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
28 Heart
Language of science
Language of medicine
heart structure
Location of the heart
Size and shape of the heart
Coverings of the heart
Structure of the heart coverings
Function of the heart coverings
Structure of the heart
Vessels of the heart
Wall of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Chambers of the heart
Atria
Ventricles
Valves of the heart
Atrioventricular valves
Semilunar valves
Skeleton of the heart
Surface projection
Flow of blood through the heart
Blood supply of heart tissue
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Nerve supply of the heart
the heart as a pump
Conduction system of the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiography
ECG waves
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
ECG intervals
Cardiac cycle
Atrial systole
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Ejection
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
Passive ventricular filling
Heart sounds
case study |
Chapter summary
Heart structure
The heart as a pump
Cycle of life: Heart
The big picture: Heart
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
29 Blood vessels
Language of science
Language of medicine
blood vessel types
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Structure of blood vessels
Components of the blood vessel wall
Endothelial tissue
Collagen fibres
Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle tissue
Layers of the blood vessel wall
Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
circulatory routes
systemic circulation
Systemic arteries
General principles concerning arteries
Arteries of the head and neck
Arteries of the trunk
Arteries of the extremities
Systemic veins
General principles concerning veins
Veins of the head and neck
Veins of the upper extremity
Veins of the thorax
Veins of the abdomen
Hepatic portal circulation
Veins of the lower extremity
fetal circulation
The basic plan of fetal circulation
Changes in circulation at birth
case study |
Chapter summary
Blood vessel types
Circulatory routes (figure 29-5)
Systemic circulation
Fetal circulation
Cycle of life: Blood vessels
The big picture: Blood vessels and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
30 Circulation of blood
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haemodynamics
primary principle of circulation
arterial blood pressure
Cardiac output
Factors that affect stroke volume
Factors that affect heart rate
Cardiac pressoreflexes
Carotid sinus reflex
Aortic reflex
Other reflexes that influence heart rate
Peripheral resistance
How resistance influences blood pressure
Vasomotor control mechanism
Vasomotor pressoreflexes
Vasomotor chemoreflexes
Medullary ischaemic reflex
Vasomotor control by higher brain centres
Local control of arterioles
venous return to the heart
Venous pumps
Total blood volume
Capillary exchange and total blood volume
Changes in total blood volume
Adh mechanism
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
Anh mechanism
Balance of regulation
measuring blood pressure
Arterial blood pressure
Blood pressure and bleeding
minute volume of blood
velocity of blood flow
pulse
Mechanism
Pulse wave
Where the pulse can be felt
Venous pulse
case study |
Chapter summary
Introduction
Haemodynamics
Primary principle of circulation
Arterial blood pressure
Venous return to the heart
Measuring blood pressure
Minute volume of blood (figure 30-23)
Velocity of blood flow
Pulse
Cycle of life: Cardiovascular physiology
The big picture: Blood flow and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
31 Lymphatic system
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overview of the lymphatic system
lymph and interstitial fluid
lymphatic vessels
Distribution of lymphatic vessels
Structure of lymphatic vessels
Functions of lymphatic vessels
circulation of lymph
The lymphatic pump
lymph nodes
Structure of lymph nodes
Locations of lymph nodes
Functions of lymph nodes
Defence functions: Filtration and phagocytosis
Haematopoiesis
lymphatic drainage of the breast
Distribution of lymphatics in the breast
Lymph nodes associated with the breast
tonsils
thymus
Location and appearance of the thymus
Structure of the thymus
Function of the thymus
spleen
Location of the spleen
Structure of the spleen
Functions of the spleen
case study |
Chapter summary
Overview of the lymphatic system
Lymph and interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels
Circulation of lymph
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic drainage of the breast
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Cycle of life: Lymphatic system
The big picture: The lymphatic system and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
32 Innate immunity
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organization of the immune system
Defence of the body
Innate immunity
species resistance
mechanical and chemical barriers
inflammation and fever
The inflammatory response
Fever
phagocytosis
natural killer cells
interferon
complement
toll-like receptors
Chapter summary
Introduction
Organization of the immune system
Species resistance (table 32-2)
Mechanical and chemical barriers
Inflammation and fever
Phagocytosis
Natural killer (nk) cells
Interferon (ifn)
Complement
Toll-like receptors (tlrs)
The big picture: Innate immunity and the whole body
Review questions
Critical thinking questions
33 Adaptive immunity
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2025-01-29