The Aramaic language has continued to be spoken in various dialects down to modern times. Many of these dialects, however, are now endangered due to political events in the Middle East over the last hundred years. This work, in three volumes, presents a description of one such endangered neo-Aramaic dialect, that of the Assyrian Christian community of the Barwar region in northern Iraq. It is a unique record of the dialect based on interviews with the surviving older generation of the community. Volume one contains a detailed grammatical description of the dialect, including sections on phonology, morphology and syntax. Volume two contains an extensive glossary of the lexicon of the dialect with illustrations of various aspects of the material culture. Volume three contains transcriptions of numerous recorded texts, including folktales, ethnographic texts, songs, and proverbs.

lgli/KHAN_f1_i-xxxviii.indd - corazon.opeda.pdf

lgrsnf/KHAN_f1_i-xxxviii.indd - corazon.opeda.pdf

Handbook of oriental studies Sect. 1 The Near and Middle East / ed.-in-chief W. H. van Soldt Vol. 96 The neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar / by Geoffrey Khan Vol. 1 Grammar

Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abt. 1, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten = The Near and Middle East. Bd 96, The neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar. Vol. 1, Grammar

Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, the Near and Middle East -- 96, Leiden, Boston, Netherlands, 2008

Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 2008

Netherlands, Netherlands

Leiden [etc, 2008

Leiden [u.a, 2008

{"edition":"illustrated","isbns":["900416765X","9789004167650"],"last_page":1068,"publisher":"Brill"}

VOLUME ONE
CONTENTS
CONTENTS VOLUME ONE
GRAMMAR
preface
references
introduction
0.1. Barwar and Its Assyrian Christian Communities
0.2. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect
0.2.1. The Position of the C. Barwar Dialect among the Christian NENA Dialects
0.2.2. The Relationship of the C. Barwar Dialect with Other Christian Dialects in the Local Region
0.2.3. The Relationship of the C. Barwar Dialect with the Jewish NENA Dialects in the Local Region
0.2.4. Influence on the Dialect from the Koine Language and the Language of Literature
0.2.5. Influence from Other Languages
0.3. Informants and Texts
0.4. The Grammar and Lexicon
PHONOLOGY
chapter one consonants
1.1. Phoneme Inventory
1.2. Notes on the Phonetic Realization of the Consonants
1.2.1. Palatalization of /k/ and /g/
1.2.2. Unaspirated Stops
1.2.3. Emphatic Consonants
1.2.4. Affricates
1.2.5. /n/
1.2.6. /m/
1.2.7. /w/
1.3. Phonetic Processes
1.3.1. Assimilation
1.3.2. Devoicing of Word Final Consonants
1.4. Historical Background of the Consonants
1.4.1. The BGDKPT Consonants
1.4.1.1. *b
1.4.1.2. *p
1.4.1.3. *t
1.4.1.4. *d
1.4.1.5. *k
1.4.1.6. *g
1.4.2. Pharyngals and Laryngals
1.4.2.1. *
1.4.2.2. *'
1.4.2.3. /h/
1.4.2.4. /"/
1.4.3. Emphatic /t/ and /ß/
1.4.4. Emphatic /r/
1.4.5. Emphatic /p/ and /l/
1.4.6. Affricates /'/, /ó/ and /j/ in Aramaic Words
1.4.7. /n/
chapter two vowels
2.1. Phoneme Quality Oppositions
2.2. Vowel Length
2.2.1. Open Syllables
2.2.1.1. Stressed Non-Final Open Syllables
2.2.1.2. Stressed Final Open Syllables
2.2.1.3. Posttonic Open Syllables
2.2.1.4. Pretonic Open Syllables
2.2.2. Closed Syllables
2.2.3. Transcription Conventions
2.2.4. Exceptions to the General Principles
2.2.4.1. Short /a/ in Open Syllables
2.2.4.2. Short /u/ in Open Syllables
2.2.4.3. Short /6/ in Open Syllables
2.2.4.4. Long Vowels in Closed Syllables
2.3. The Phonetic Quality of the Vowels
2.3.1. /i/
2.3.2. /6/
2.3.3. /e/
2.3.4. /5/
2.3.5. /a/
2.3.6. /o/
2.3.7. /u/
2.4. Diphthongs
2.4.1. *ay
2.4.2. *aw
2.5. The Historical Background of the Vowels
2.5.1. /i/
2.5.2. /e/
2.5.3. /5/
2.5.4. /a/
2.5.5. /6/
2.5.6. /o/
2.5.7. /u/
chapter three consonant gemination
3.1. Phonetic Realization and Transcription
3.2. The Distribution of Gemination in the Consonant Inventory
3.3. The Origin of Consonant Gemination
3.3.1. Gemination Inherited from Earlier Aramaic
3.3.2. Gemination after Stressed Short Vowels
3.3.3. Gemination in the Environment of Epenthetic Vowels
3.3.4. Gemination Resulting from Elision
3.3.5. Gemination in Kurdish Loanwords
3.3.6. Gemination Resulting from Assimilation
chapter four syllable structure
4.1. Syllabic Patterns
4.2. Word Initial Clusters of Consonants
4.3. Word Internal Clusters of Consonants
4.4. The Elision of Laryngals
4.5. Other Contractions and Elisions
4.5.1. Syllables Beginning with Identical Consonants
4.5.2. Elision of /l/
4.5.3. Intervocalic /y/
4.5.4. Elision of Word Final /6/
4.5.5. Allegro Forms of the Past Copula
4.5.6. Miscellaneous Other Allegro Forms
chapter five word stress
5.1. Preliminary Remarks
5.2. Independent Pronouns
5.3. Nouns and Adjectives
5.4. Verbs
5.4.1. Verbal Forms Derived from Present and Past Bases
5.4.2. Imperative Forms
5.4.3. Compound Verbal Forms
5.5. Numerals
5.6. Adverbial Particles
chapter six stress groups
6.1. Preliminary Remarks
6.2. Numeral + Counted Nominal
6.2.1. Stress on the Nominal
6.2.2. Stress on the Numeral
6.2.3. Stress on Both Components
6.3. Predicate + Copula
6.4. Negator + Verb/Nominal/Adverbial
6.4.1. Stress on the Negated Item
6.4.2. Stress on the Negator
6.4.3. Stress on Both Components
6.5. Attributive Demonstrative + Nominal
6.5.1. Stress on the Nominal
6.5.2. Stress on the Demonstrative
6.5.3. Stress on Both Components
6.6. Quantifi er + Nominal
6.6.1. Stress on the Nominal
6.6.2. Stress on the Quantifi er
6.6.3. Stress on Both Components
6.6.4. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
6.7. Stress Groups Consisting of More Than Two Words
MORPHOLOGY
chapter seven pronouns
7.1. Independent Personal Pronouns
7.2. Pronominal Suffixes on Nouns and Prepositions
7.3. The independent Genitive Particle
7.4. Demonstrative Pronouns
7.5. Interrogative Pronouns
7.6. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns
7.7. Pronoun of Isolation
chapter eight verbs
8.1. Verbal Stems
8.2. Inflection of the Present Base
8.2.1. Infl ectional S-Suffi xes
8.2.2. Stem I Verbs
8.2.3. Stem II Verbs
8.2.4. Stem III Verbs
8.2.5. Quadriliteral Verbs
8.3. Inflection of the Past Base
8.3.1. Infl ectional L-Suffi xes
8.3.2. Stem I Verbs
8.3.3. Stem II Verbs
8.3.4. Stem III Verbs
8.3.5. Quadriliteral Verbs
8.3.6. Past Base without L-Suffi xes
8.4. Inflection of the Resultative Participle
8.5. Inflection of the Imperative
8.6. Particles Attached to Verbal Forms
8.6.1. "i
8.6.2. b6d
8.6.3. q6m
8.6.4. wa
8.6.5. Particles Attached to the Imperative
8.7. The Copula
8.7.1. Present Copula
8.7.2. Past Copula
8.7.3. Deictic Copula
8.8. Compound Verbal Forms
8.8.1. Deictic Copula + Resultative Participle
8.8.2. Resultative Participle + Present Enclitic Copula
8.8.3. Resultative Participle + Past Enclitic Copula
8.8.4. Verb hwy + Resultative Participle
8.8.5. Deictic Copula + Infi nitive
8.8.6. Infinitive + Present Enclitic Copula
8.8.7. Infinitive + Past Enclitic Copula
8.9. Negation of Verbal Forms
8.10. Negative Copula
8.10.1. Negative Present Copula
8.10.2. Negative Past Copula
8.11. Negation of Compound Verbal Forms
8.11.1. Negative Present Copula + Resultative Participle
8.11.2. Negative Past Copula + Resultative Participle
8.11.3. Negative Present Copula + Infinitive
8.11.4. Negative Past Copula + Infinitive
8.12. Weak Verbs in Stem I
8.12.1. Verba Primae /"/
8.12.2. Verba Tertiae /"/
8.12.3. Verba Primae /y/
8.12.4. Verba Primae /y/, Tertiae /"/
8.12.5. Verba Mediae /y/
8.12.6. Verba Primae /"/, Mediae /y/
8.12.7. Verba Mediae /y/, Tertiae /"/
8.12.8. Verba Tertiae /y/
8.12.9. Verba Primae /"/, Tertiae /y/
8.12.10. Verbs with a Zero Medial Radical and Final /y/
8.12.11. Verba Primae /y/, Tertiae /y/
8.12.12. Verba Mediae /w/
8.12.13. Verba Primae /"/, Mediae /w/
8.12.14. Verba Mediae /w/, Tertiae /"/
8.12.15. Verba Mediae /w/, Tertiae /y/
8.12.16. Verba Tertiae /w/
8.12.17. Verba Primae /"/, Tertiae /w/
8.12.18. Verba Tertiae /w/, Mediae /y/
8.12.19. Verbs with Identical Second and Third Radicals
8.13. Weak Verbs in Stem II
8.13.1. Verba Mediae /"/
8.13.2. Verb Tertiae /"/
8.13.3. Verba Mediae /y/
8.13.4. Verba Tertiae /y/
8.13.5. Verba Mediae /w/
8.13.6. Verba Mediae /w/, Tertiae /y/
8.13.7. Verba Tertiae /w/
8.13.8. Verbs with Identical Second and Third Radicals
8.14. Weak Verbs in Stem III
8.14.1. Verbs with a Zero First or Second Radical
8.14.1.1. m-kp 'to knock down'
8.14.1.2. m-ks 'to close'
8.14.1.3. m-sq 'to cause to ascend'
8.14.1.4. m-qo 'to burn'
8.14.1.5. m-xl 'to feed'
8.14.1.6. m-'x 'to fi nd'
8.14.1.7. m-'z 'to vex, be vexed'
8.14.1.8. m-dr 'to return (tr.)'
8.14.1.9. m-jb 'to be astonished'
8.14.1.10. m-lp 'to teach'
8.14.1.11. m-mo 'to baptize'
8.14.1.12. m-rm 'to raise'
8.14.1.13. m-rq 'to cause to run'
8.14.1.14. m-rs 'to wake'
8.14.1.15. m-rt 'to break wind loudly'
8.14.1.16. m-tm 'to cause to taste'
8.14.1.17. m-tn 'to load'
8.14.1.18. m-xb 'to love'
8.14.1.19. m-xn 'to yearn for'
8.14.1.20. m-zn 'to cause to stand'
8.14.2. Verba Tertiae /"/
8.14.3. Verba Mediae /y/
8.14.4. Verba Tertiae /y/
8.14.5. Verbs with a Zero First or Second Radical and a Final /y/
8.14.6. Verba Mediae /w/
8.14.7. Verbs with a Zero First Radical and Medial /w/
8.14.8. Verba Tertiae /w/
8.14.9. Verbs with a Zero First or Second Radical and a Final /w/
8.14.10. Verbs with Identical Second and Third Radicals
8.15. Weak Quadriliteral Verbs
8.15.1. Verba Primae /"/
8.15.2. Verba Secundae /y/
8.15.3. Verba Quartae /y/
8.15.4. Verbal Secundae /w/, Quartae /y/
8.16. Irregular and Defective Verbs
8.16.1. hwy 'to be'
8.16.2. "zl 'to go'
8.16.3. "θy 'to come'
8.16.4. m-θy 'to bring'
8.16.5. mβy 'to be able'
8.16.6. xy"/xy 'to live'
8.16.7. yhw 'to give'
8.16.8. rhw 'to speak, to speak agitatedly'
8.16.9. m-xy 'to cause to live, give birth'
8.16.10. m-ty 'to put'
8.16.11. nbl 'to take (away)'
8.16.12. kyz 'to try'
8.16.13. kyr 'to try'
8.17. General Remarks Concerning Stems II and III
8.17.1. Stem II
8.17.2. Stem III
8.18. General Remarks Concerning Quadriliteral Verbs
8.19. Pronominal Objects
8.19.1. Pronominal Direct Objects on Present Base Verbs
8.19.2. Pronominal Direct Objects on Past Base Verbs
8.19.3. Pronominal Direct Objects on Imperatives
8.19.4. Pronominal Direct Objects on Compound Verbal Forms
8.19.4.1. Resultative Participle + Present Enclitic Copula (qtil5le)
8.19.4.2. Resultative Participle + Past Enclitic Copula
8.19.4.3. Non-Enclitic Copula or hwy + Resultative Participle
8.19.4.4. Infinitive + Present Enclitic Copula
8.19.4.5. Infinitive + Past Enclitic Copula
8.19.4.6. Non-Enclitic Copula or hwy + Infinitive
8.19.5. Pronominal Indirect Object
8.19.6. Combination of Pronominal Suffi xes
8.20. Pseudo-Verbs
8.20.1. The Existential Particles "iθ and liθ
8.20.2. bas
8.20.3. k5w-, kaw
8.20.4. k5- 'Where?'
8.20.5. ßad
chapter nine verb paradigms
9.1. qat6l Form
9.2. qtille Form
chapter ten nouns
10.1. Preliminary Remarks
10.2. Nouns with -a Inflection
10.2.1. Bisyllabic Patterns
10.2.2. Trisyllabic Patterns
10.2.3. Patterns Containing Four Consonants
10.2.4. Forms Containing Five or More Consonants
10.3. Nouns with -ta Inflection
10.3.1. Bisyllabic Patterns
10.3.2. Trisyllabic Patterns
10.3.3. Patterns Containing Four Consonants
10.4. Nouns with -θa Inflection
10.4.1. Bisyllabic Forms
10.4.2. Trisyllabic Patterns
10.4.3. Patterns Containing Four Consonants in the Root
10.5. Remarks on the Feminine Endings -ta and -θa
10.5.1. The Distribution of -ta and -θa
10.5.1.1. The Ending -ta after a Vowel
10.5.1.2. The Ending -θa after a Consonant
10.5.2. Function of the Feminine Marker Suffixes -ta and -θa
10.5.2.1. Marking Female Gender
10.5.2.2. Expressing Singularity and Specifi city
10.5.2.3. Expressing a Diminutive
10.5.2.4. Expressing a Whole Inclusive of Parts
10.6. Nouns with -o Inflection
10.7. Nouns with -e Inflection
10.8. Further Endings
10.8.1. -ana
10.8.2. -aya
10.8.3. -uθa
10.8.4. -iθa
10.8.5. -6lta
10.8.6. -usta, -6sta
10.8.7. -6sta
10.8.8. -6nta
10.8.9. -ona
10.8.10. -una
10.8.11. -unya
10.8.12. -ola
10.8.13. -us, -6s
10.8.14. Pronominal Suffix Treated as a Nominal Ending
10.9. Nouns with No Inflectional Ending and the Absolute State
10.10. Nouns with Prefixed m
10.11. The Morphological Adaption of Loanwords
10.12. Unadapted Loanwords
10.13. Nouns with Kurdish Derivational Suffixes
10.13.1. Diminutive Suffixes
10.13.1.1. -6kka
10.13.1.2. -6kke
10.13.1.3. -6kθa
10.13.1.4. -unka
10.13.1.5. -ka
10.13.1.6. -aka, -akka
10.13.1.7. -ika
10.13.1.8. -ke
10.13.2. -'i
10.13.3. -dan
10.13.4. -i
10.14. Gender
10.14.1. Feminine Nouns Ending in -a
10.14.2. Infinitives
10.14.3. Loanwords
10.15. Plural Forms
10.15.1. The Plural Ending -e
10.15.1.1. Plurals in -e from Singulars in -a
10.15.1.2. Plurals in -e from Singulars in -ta or -θa
10.15.2. The Plural Ending -ane
10.15.2.1. Plurals in -ane from Singulars in -a
10.15.2.2. Plurals in -ane from Singulars in -θa
10.15.3. The plural ending -aθa
10.15.3.1. Plurals in -aθa from Singulars in -a
10.15.3.2. Plurals in -aθa from Singulars in -e
10.15.3.3. Plurals in -aθa from Singulars in -ta
10.15.3.4. Plurals in -aθa from Singulars in -θa
10.15.3.5. Plurals in -aθa from Singulars in -o
10.15.4. The Plural Ending ->waθa
10.15.4.1. Plurals in ->waθa from Singulars in -a
10.15.4.2. Plurals in ->waθa from Singulars in -e
10.15.5. The Plural Ending -waθa
10.15.5.1. Plurals in -waθa from Singulars in -a
10.15.5.2. Plurals in -waθa from Singulars in -o
10.15.5.3. Plurals in -waθa from Singulars in -uθa
10.15.6. The Plural Ending -yaθa
10.15.6.1. Plurals in -yaθa from Singulars in -ta
10.15.6.2. Plurals in -yaθa from Singulars in -θa
10.15.6.3. Plurals in -yaθa from Singulars in -e
10.15.7. Plurals with Reduplication of the Final Syllable
10.15.8. Plural Endings on Loanwords with Unadapted Singulars
10.15.9. Irregular Plurals
10.15.10. Pluralia Tantum
10.16. The Annexation of Nouns
10.17. Compound Nominal Phrases
10.17.1. General Remarks
10.17.2. be
10.17.3. bar-, ber
10.17.4. bra
10.17.5. mare
10.17.6. mel
10.17.7. sar
chapter eleven adjectives
11.1. Preliminary Remarks
11.2. Bisyllabic Patterns
11.3. Trisyllablic Patterns
11.4. Adjectives with Derivative Affi xes
11.4.1. -ana (ms.), -anta (fs.), -ane (pl.)
11.4.2. -aya (ms.), -εθa (fs.), -aye (pl.)
11.4.3. -naya (ms.), -nεθa (fs.), -naye (pl.)
11.4.4. Adjectival Participles with the m- Prefi x
11.5. xena 'Other'
11.6. Invariable Aramaic Adjectives
11.7. Compound Forms
11.8. Adapted Loans
11.9. Partially Adapted Loans
11.10. Unadapted Loans
chapter twelve numerals
12.1. Cardinals
12.1.1. Numerals 1—10
12.1.2. Numerals 11—19
12.1.3. Tens
12.1.4. Hundreds
12.1.5. Thousands
12.1.6. Combination of Numerals
12.1.7. Cardinals with Pronominal Suffixes
12.2. Ordinals
12.3. Fractions
12.4. Days of the Week
12.5. Names of Months
12.6. The Seasons
chapter thirteen particles
13.1. Preliminary Remarks
13.2. Adverbs
13.3. Prepositions
13.3.1. "ax 'like'
13.3.2. b- 'in, at, on, by means of '
13.3.3. bahs, bas 'about, concerning'
13.3.4. baθ6r, bar 'behind, after'
13.3.5. barqul- 'opposite'
13.3.6. bèn, bèl 'between'
13.3.7. cennekεr- 'around'
13.3.8. darqul- 'against'
13.3.9. gu 'in'
13.3.10. hal 'until, as far as'
13.3.11. k6s- 'by, at the home of '
13.3.12. l 'to, for, upon'
13.3.13. max 'like'
13.3.14. m6n, m- 'from, with'
13.3.15. qa- 'to, for', object marker
13.3.16. qam 'before'
13.3.17. qamθ
13.3.18. qamoθ
13.3.19. res- 'upon'
13.3.20. sawp-, sop- 'instead, in the place of '
13.3.21. t-la 'without'
13.3.22. tla-/ta- 'to, for', object marker
13.3.23. xo-, xoθ- 'under'
13.4. Miscellaneous Uninflected Particles
SYNTAX
chapter fourteen the syntax of nominals
14.1. Expression of Defi niteness
14.1.1. Preliminary Remarks
14.1.2. The Distribution of the Cardinal Indefi nite Particle
14.1.2.1. Particle Used
14.1.2.2. Particle Omitted
14.1.3. Stress Placement
14.1.4. Suffixed Cardinal Indefinite Particle
14.1.5. Pronominal Use of Indefinite Particle
14.2. Gender
14.2.1. Discourse Anaphora
14.2.2. General Speech Situation
14.2.3. Temporal Expressions
14.2.4. Object Pronoun
14.2.5. Meteorological Expressions
14.3. Demonstrative Pronouns
14.3.1. Preliminary Remarks
14.3.2. The Function of the Demonstrative Pronouns
14.3.3. Stress Position in Stress Groups
14.3.4. Discourse Anaphora
14.3.5. Combination of a Demonstrative Pronoun with the Indefinite Particle
14.4. Annexation Constructions
14.5. Pronominal Suffixes
14.5.1. Distribution of Short and Long Forms of Suffixes
14.5.2. Suffixes on the Independent Genitive Particle
14.6. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns
14.7. Adjectives and Appositives
14.8. Comparative Constructions
14.8.1. bis
14.8.1.1. With Adjectives
14.8.1.2. With Adverbs
14.8.1.3. With Verbs
14.8.2. zawda, zoda
14.8.3. Equality of Degree
14.9. Non-Attributive Modifiers
14.9.1. kut 'each, every'
14.9.2. kul, kulla
14.9.3. raba
14.9.3.1. Quantifier of a Noun
14.9.3.2. Inflected Adjective
14.9.3.3. Predicative
14.9.3.4. Independent Quantifier
14.9.3.5. Intensifier of an Adjective
14.9.3.6. Instensifier of a Verb
14.9.4. baßora
14.9.5. kèm
14.9.6. katte
14.9.7. xa''a
14.9.8. xan'i
14.9.9. k6ma
14.9.9.1. Interrogative Quantifi er
14.9.9.2. Indicative Quantifier
14.9.9.3. Exclamatory Quantifier
14.9.10. xakma
14.9.11. xena (f. xeta, pl. xene)
14.9.11.1. Modifier of a Noun
14.9.11.2. Adverbial
14.9.11.3. Modifier of Quantifier
14.9.12. mo, mu, mut, modi
14.9.13. ma
14.9.14. "εni
14.9.15. hatxa
14.9.16. hodex
14.9.17. 'u
14.9.18. hi'
14.9.19. la
14.9.20. f6ll6n, p6ll6n, flan
14.9.21. "ay
14.10. Repetition of Constituents
14.10.1. Intensity
14.10.2. Increment
14.10.3. Distribution
14.11. Conjoining of Nouns in a Nominal Phrase
14.12. Numerals
14.13. Adverbial Expressions
chapter fifteen the syntax of verbs
15.1. The Function of the Verbal Forms Derived from the Present Base
15.1.1. qat6l
15.1.1.1. Narrative Present (Realis)
15.1.1.2. Performative Present (Realis)
15.1.1.3. Habitual Action (Realis)
15.1.1.4. Actual Present (Realis)
15.1.1.5. Deontic Future (Irrealis)
15.1.1.6. Predictive Future (Irrealis)
15.1.1.7. Conditional Constructions (Irrealis)
15.1.1.8. Irrealis Complement Clauses
15.1.1.9. Irrealis Clauses Introduced by Prepositions
15.1.1.10. Purpose Clauses (Irrealis)
15.1.1.11. After Particle of Imminent Future ga
15.1.1.12. Generic Relative Clauses
15.1.1.13. In Subordinate Clauses with Past Time Reference
15.1.2. qat6lwa
15.1.2.1. Narrative Past (Realis)
15.1.2.2. Past Habitual (Realis)
15.1.5. b6d-qat6l
15.1.5.1. Predictive Future
15.1.5.2. Deontic Future
15.1.5.3. Conditional Constructions
15.1.5.4. Discourse Dependency
15.1.5.5. Negation of b6d-qat6l Forms
15.1.6. b6d-qat6lwa
15.1.6.1. Conditional Constructions
15.1.6.2. Deontic Constructions
15.1.6.3. Discourse Dependency
15.1.6.4. Negation of b6d-qat6lwa Forms
15.1.7. q6m-qat6l
15.1.7.1. Preliminary Remarks
15.1.7.2. Recent Past Events
15.1.7.3. Past Perfective in Narrative
15.1.7.4. Conditional Constructions
15.1.8. q6m-qat6lwa
15.1.9. ßadle
15.1.2.3. Continuous Situation in the Past
15.1.2.4. Conditional Constructions
15.1.2.5. Other Subordinate Clauses
15.1.2.6. After Particle of Imminent Future
15.1.3. "i-qat6l
15.1.3.1. Habitual
15.1.3.2. Persistent Situation
15.1.3.3. Narrative Present
15.1.4. "i-qat6lwa
15.2. The Function of the Verbal Forms Derived from the Past Base
15.2.1. qtille
15.2.1.1. Recent Past Events
15.2.1.2. Past Perfective in Narrative
15.2.1.3. Future Perfect
15.2.1.4. Conditional Constructions
15.2.1.5. Possible Events in the Future
15.2.2. qtilwale
15.3. The Verb 'to be'
15.3.1. The Present Basic Copula
15.3.1.1. Enclitic Copula Attached to the Predicate
15.3.1.2. The Independent Basic Copula
15.3.1.3. Enclitic Copula Attached to the Subject
15.3.2. The Deictic Copula
15.3.3. The Copula in Subordinate Clauses
15.3.4. Copula on Focused Elements
15.3.5. Past Copula Placed after the Predicate
15.3.6. Past Copula Placed before the Predicate
15.3.7. The Negative Copula
15.3.8. The Existential Particles
15.3.9. The Verb hwy
15.3.9.1. qat6l
15.3.9.1.1. Realis
15.3.9.1.2. Irrealis
15.3.9.1.3. Generic Relative Clauses
15.3.9.2. qat6lwa
15.3.9.3. "i-qat6l
15.3.9.4. "i-qat6lwa
15.3.9.5. b6d-qat6l
15.3.9.6. q6m-qat6l
15.3.9.7. b6d-qat6lwa
15.3.9.8. qtille
15.4. Compound Verbal Constructions
15.4.1. The Resultative Participle Combined with the Verb 'to be'
15.4.1.1. General Remarks
15.4.1.2. Function in Non-Narrative Discourse
15.4.1.3. Function in Narrative
15.4.1.4. Movement of the Enclitic Copula
15.4.1.4.1. Leftward Movement of the Enclitic
15.4.1.4.2. Rightward Movement of the Enclitic
15.4.1.5. Resultative Participle Combined with the Past Copula
15.4.1.6. Resultative Participle Combined with the Verb hwy
15.4.1.6.1. y-awe qtila
15.4.1.6.2. y-awewa qtila
15.4.1.6.3. hawe qtila
15.4.1.6.4. hawewa qtila
15.4.1.6.5. t-awe qtila (future)
15.4.1.6.6. t-awewa qtila
15.4.1.6.7. wele qtila
15.4.1.7. The Resultative Participle of the Verb hwy
15.4.2. The Infi nitive Combined with the Verb 'to be'
15.4.2.1. General Remarks
15.4.2.2. Progressive Function
15.4.2.3. Function in Narrative
15.4.2.4. Habitual Function
15.4.2.5. Performative Function
15.4.2.6. Movement of the Enclitic Copula
15.4.2.6.1. Leftward Movement of the Enclitic
15.4.2.6.2. Rightward Movement of the Enclitic
15.4.2.7. Infinitive Combined with the Past Copula
15.4.2.8. Infinitive Combined with the Verb hwy
15.4.2.8.1. hawe qtala
15.4.2.8.2. y-awe qtala
15.4.2.8.3. y-awewa qtala
15.4.2.8.4. t-awe qtala
15.4.2.8.5. wele qtala
15.4.2.8.6. wiy5le qtala
15.4.2.9. Combined with Existential Particle
15.5. Other Constructions with the Infinitive
15.5.1. General Remarks
15.5.2. Temporally Overlapping Activity
15.5.3. Cognate Infinitive
15.5.4. Purpose
15.5.5. Complement of Verbs
15.5.6. Complement of a Noun
15.5.7. Complement of an Adjective
15.5.8. Syntactic Position of a Nominal
15.6. The Verbal Noun
15.6.1. The Nominal Nature of the Verbal Noun
15.6.2. Cognate Verbal Nouns
15.6.3. The Verbal Noun Combined with the Verb 'to be'
15.7. The Imperative Form
15.8. The Verb pys
15.8.1. Continuity
15.8.2. Ingressive
15.9. The Expression of the Passive
15.9.1. qtil
15.9.2. Resultative Participle Combined with the Verb 'to be'
15.9.3. Resultative Participle Combined with pys
15.9.4. Resultative Participle Combined with 'θy
15.9.5. Infinitive Combined with "θy
15.9.6. Unaccusative Intransitive Verbs
15.9.7. Diathesis of Causative Verbs
15.9.8. Diathesis of Infinitives
15.9.9. Impersonal 3pl. Subject
15.10. Verbal Constructions with the Particle hes
15.10.1. hes in Positive Clauses
15.10.2. hes + Negator
15.10.3. Negator + hes
15.11. Verbal Constructions with the Particle har
15.11.1. Extension
15.11.2. Narrowing
15.12. The Distribution of the Long Endings of Verbs
15.13. The Expression of the Direct Object of Verbal Forms
15.13.1. Pronominal Direct Object
15.13.2. Direct Object Nominal
15.13.2.1. Definite Direct Object Nominals
15.13.2.2. Indefinite Direct Object Nominals
15.13.3. Independent Pronouns
15.13.4. General Remarks Concerning Object Agreement
15.13.5. The Distribution of Compound Verbal Forms with 'Heavy' Pronominal Objects
15.13.6. Object Marker on the Direct Object Nominal
15.13.7. Double Objects
15.14. Indirect Objects
chapter sixteen the syntax of prepositions
16.1. b
16.1.1. Spatial and Temporal Location
16.1.2. Instrument
16.1.3. 'with'
16.1.4. Attributive
16.1.5. Material
16.1.6. Price
16.1.7. Manner
16.1.8. Causal Background
16.1.9. Oath
16.1.10. Complements of Verbs and Expressions
16.1.11. b6d-, bud
16.1.12. Combined with Other Prepositions
16.2. l
16.2.1. Adnominal Uses
16.2.1.1. Destination
16.2.1.2. Direction
16.2.1.3. 'Upon, On'
16.2.1.4. General Spatial Location
16.2.1.5. Expression of the Agent
16.2.1.6. Manner
16.2.1.7. Complement of Verbs and Expressions
16.2.1.8. Combined with Other Prepositions
16.2.2. Adpronominal Uses
16.2.2.1. L-Suffixes
16.2.2.2. "6ll
16.3. tla, ta
16.3.1. Direction
16.3.2. Destination
16.3.3. Temporal Objective
16.3.4. Object Marker
16.4. qa
16.4.1. Direction
16.4.2. Destination
16.4.3. Temporal Objective
16.4.4. Object Marker
16.5. m6n, m
16.5.1. Separation or Removal
16.5.2. Source or Origin
16.5.3. Partitive
16.5.4. Comparison
16.5.5. Cause
16.5.6. Material
16.5.7. Specifi cation
16.5.8. Spatial Location
16.5.9. Temporal Location
16.5.10. 'With'
16.5.11. Combined with Other Prepositions
16.5.12. Complements of Verbs and Expressions
16.6. Repetition of Prepositions
16.7. Genitive Particle with Prepositions
chapter seventeen the clause
17.1. The Copula Clause
17.1.1. Enclitic Copula
17.1.1.1. Basic Predicate
17.1.1.2. Clauses Containing a Subject Constituent
17.1.1.3. Split Predicate
17.1.2. Independent Copula
17.1.2.1. Basic Predicate
17.1.2.2. Clauses Containing a Subject Constituent
17.1.3. Deictic Copula
17.1.3.1. Basic Predicate
17.1.3.2. Clauses Containing a Subject Constituent
17.1.4. Copula Clauses with an Interrogative Constituent
17.1.5. Existential Usage
17.2. Clauses Containing a Negative Copula
17.3. The Existential Particles
17.3.1. Particle—Nominal
17.3.2. Nominal—Particle
17.3.3. Particle Alone
17.4. Possessive Constructions
17.4.1. Particle—Possessed Item
17.4.2. Possessed Item—Particle
17.4.3. Possessor Expressed by a Nominal
17.5. Predications with the Verb hwy
17.6. Verb 'to be' Omitted
17.6.1. Clauses Expressing Supplementary Information
17.6.2. Gapping in a Series of Clauses
17.6.3. Presentative Constructions with the Particle "ina
17.6.4. Presentative Constructions with Demonstratives
17.6.5. Exclamatory Clauses
17.6.6. Proverbs
17.6.7. Meteorological Expressions
17.7. Verbal Clauses
17.7.1. Basic Verbal Clauses
17.7.2. Clauses with a Subject Constituent
17.7.2.1. Subject—Verb
17.7.2.2. Verb—Subject
17.7.2.3. Further Remarks on the Function of Subject Position
17.7.3. Subject Verb Agreement
17.7.4. Independent Subject Pronouns
17.7.4.1. Preposed Subject Pronouns
17.7.4.2. Postposed Subject Pronouns
17.7.5. Clauses with a Direct Object Constituent
17.7.5.1. Verb—Object
17.7.5.2. Object—Verb
17.7.6. Double Objects
17.7.7. Subject—Object—Verb
17.7.8. Independent Object Pronouns
17.7.9. Verb—Prepositional Phrase
17.7.10. Verb—Object—Prepositional Phrase
17.7.11. Prepositional Phrase—Verb
17.7.12. Placement of Adverbials
17.7.12.1. In Clause Initial Position
17.7.12.2. Adverbial in Clause Final Position
17.7.13. Clauses with an Interrogative Constituent
17.7.14. Negated Verbal Clauses
17.7.14.1. Negative Particle before Verb
17.7.14.2. Negative Particle before Other Constituents
17.7.14.3. Negation of the Verb 'to know'
17.8. Extrapositional Constructions
17.8.1. Structure
17.8.1.1. Extraposed Element
17.8.1.2. Resumptive Element
17.8.2. Function
17.8.2.1. Discourse Boundary Marking
17.8.2.2. Topic Referents Obligatorily Resumed by L-Suffixes
17.8.2.3. Narrow Focus
17.9. Miscellaneous Clausal Particles
17.9.1. n6mu/l6mu
17.9.2. xo-/xu
chapter eighteen clause sequences
18.1. Connective Particles
18.1.1. w
18.1.2. fa
18.1.2.1. Logical Sequence
18.1.2.2. Division into Discourse Sections
18.1.3. "ap/"up
18.1.3.1. Topical Function
18.1.3.2. Focal Function
18.1.4. -zi
18.1.4.1. Topical Function
18.1.4.2. Focal Function
18.1.5. "ina
18.1.5.1. In Association with Verbs of Perception
18.1.5.2. Introducing Preliminary Background Material
18.1.5.3. Drawing Attention to Something Unexpected
18.1.5.4. Climactic Result
18.1.5.5. Commands
18.1.6. ga
18.1.6.1. Temporal Sequence
18.1.6.2. Introducing Comment
18.1.6.3. Introducing Direct Speech
18.2. Negated Clauses
18.2.1. Negated Interrogative Clauses Expressing Preliminary Background Material
18.2.2. Gapping of the Negator
18.3. Intonation Group Boundaries
18.3.1. qym
18.3.2. Verbs of Movement
18.3.3. mßy/"mß 'to be able'
18.3.4. ßbr 'to dare'
18.3.5. qbl 'to permit'
18.3.6. sry II 'to begin'
18.3.7. prq 'to fi nish'
18.3.8. pys majbur 'to become obliged'
18.3.9. Cirumstantial Clauses
18.3.10. Temporal Adverbial Clauses
18.3.11. Complement of a Clause Constituent
18.4. Repetition of Clauses to Mark a Discourse Boundary
18.5. Intonation Patterns
18.5.1. Major Juncture
18.5.2. Minor Juncture
18.5.3. Interrogative Clauses
18.5.4. Asseverative Clauses
chapter nineteen syntactic subordination of clauses
19.1. Relative Clauses
19.1.1. Attributive Relative Clauses
19.1.1.1. Definite Head Nominal
19.1.1.2. Indefinite Head Nominal
19.1.1.3. Synopsis of Attributive Relative Structures
19.1.2. Nominal Relative Clauses
19.1.2.1. Demonstrative Pronoun as Head
19.1.2.2. Indefinite Pronoun as Head
19.1.2.3. Quantifier kut as Head
19.1.2.4. Interrogative Particle as Head
19.1.2.5. No Head
19.1.3. The Internal Structure of Relative Clauses
19.2. Indirect Questions
19.2.1. Polar Question
19.2.2. Questions Introduced by an Interrogative Particle
19.3. Subordinate Content Clauses
19.3.1. Direct Irrealis Complement
19.3.2. Direct Factive Complement
19.3.2.1. Zero Marking
19.3.2.2. D
19.3.2.3. Raising of Subject
19.3.3. "iman
19.3.3.1. Temporally Sequential
19.3.3.2. Temporally Overlapping
19.3.4. "ax, max, dax
19.3.5. k6ma, ma
19.3.6. hatxa
19.3.7. qam
19.3.8. baθer, (m-)bar
19.3.9. hal, ha
19.3.9.1. 'until'
19.3.9.2. 'before'
19.3.9.3. 'until when'
19.3.9.4. Purpose
19.3.10. tla-, ta
19.3.10.1. Purpose and Result
19.3.10.2. 'until'
19.3.10.3. Direct Complement
19.3.11. qa
19.3.11.1. Purpose and Result
19.3.11.2. Direct Complement
19.3.12. m6n
19.3.13. xat6r
19.3.14. ka
19.3.15. Adverbial Content Clauses with No Introductory Particle
19.3.16. Content Clauses Complements of Single Constituents
19.4. Cleft Constructions
19.5. Conditional Constructions
19.5.1. Protasis
19.5.1.1. qat6l
19.5.1.2. qat6lwa
19.5.1.3. qtille / q6m-qat6l
19.5.1.4. qtilwale
19.5.1.5. Present Copula
19.5.1.6. Past Copula
19.5.1.7. Existential Particle
19.5.1.8. Compound Verbal Forms with the Present Copula
19.5.1.9. hawe
19.5.1.10. hawewa
19.5.1.11. wela
19.5.1.12. hawewa qtila
19.5.1.13. Compound Forms Containing t-awe
19.5.2. Apodosis
19.5.2.1. b6d-qat6l
19.5.2.2. b6d-qat6lwa
19.5.2.3. qat6l
19.5.2.4. "i-qat6l
19.5.2.5. qat6lwa
19.5.2.6. "i-qat6lwa
19.5.2.7. qtille / q6m-qat6l
19.5.2.8. Copula
19.5.2.9. Existential Particle
19.5.2.10. Resultative Participle + Present Copula
19.5.2.11. t-awewa qtila
19.5.2.12. Imperative
19.5.2.13. Verb Omitted
19.5.2.14. Apodosis Introduced by Particle
19.5.3. Protasis after the Apodosis
19.5.4. Conditional after the Verb 'to wait'
19.5.5. "6n-la and "6lla
19.5.6. Non-Conditional Uses of the Particle "6n
19.5.6.1. Disjunctive Particle ('either . . . or')
19.5.6.2. Interrogative Particle
19.5.7. Conditionals with Madam
19.5.8. Conditionals with "5-ga
19.5.9. Asyndetic Conditional and Temporal Constructions
19.6. Concessive Constructions
VOLUME TWO
chapter twenty Remarks on the Lexicon
20.1. Historical Considerations
20.2. Loanwords
20.2.1. Loans from other NENA Dialects
20.2.2. Loans from Kurdish and Arabic
chapter twenty-one Semantic Fields
21.1. The Human Body
21.2. Family Relations
21.3. Buildings and Structures
21.3.1. Houses and Their Appurtenances
21.3.2. Church and Its Appurtenances
21.3.3. Water-Mill
21.3.4. Churn
21.3.5. Cradle
21.3.6. Other Structures
21.4. Containers
21.4.1. Miscellaneous Vessels
21.4.2. Cups and Glasses
21.4.3. Bags and Baskets
21.5. Miscellaneous Instruments and Tools
21.6. Agriculture
21.6.1. Cultivated Land
21.6.2. Paddy Fields
21.6.3. Irrigation
21.6.4. Harvest and Storage
21.6.5. Plough and Ploughing
21.6.6. Sieves and Sieving
21.7. Sewing, Weaving and Spinning
21.7.1. Sewing
21.7.2. Weaving
21.7.3. Spinning
21.8. Hunting
21.9. Fires
21.10. Clothes and Fabrics
21.10.1. General Clothes
21.10.2. Men's Clothes
21.10.3. Women's Clothes and Jewelry
21.10.4. Shoes
21.10.5. Fabrics
21.11. Ropes and Ties
21.12. Natural World
21.12.1. Mountains and Hills
21.12.2. Water
21.12.3. Celestial Bodies
21.12.4. Weather
21.13. Flora
21.13.1. Wild Species of Flowe

2024-01-19