The Roman Empire may be properly described as a consortium of cities (and not as set of proto national states). From the late Republic and into the Principate, the Roman elite managed the empire through insititutional and personal ties to the communities of the Empire. Especially in the Latin West the emperors encouraged the adoption of the Latin language and urban amenities, and were generous in the award of citizenship. This process, and ‘Romanization’ is a reasonable label, was facilitated by civic patronage. The literary evidence provides a basis for understanding this transformation from subject to citizen and for constructing a higher allegiance to the idea of Rome. We gain a more complete understanding of the process by considering the legal and monumental/epigraphical evidence that guided and encouraged such benefaction and exchange. This book uses all three forms of evidence to provide a deeper understanding of how patrocinium publicum served as a formal vehicle for securing the goodwill of the citizens and subjects of Rome.

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TeX

Koninklijke Brill N.V.

Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava, volume 365, Leiden :, 2014

Mnemosyne <Leiden> / Supplementum, Leiden, 2014

Mnemosyne supplements, v. 365, Leiden, 2013

Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 2014

Netherlands, Netherlands

Bilingual, PS, 2013

0

lg1183675

producers:
pdfTeX-1.40.11; modified using iText 2.1.7 by 1T3XT

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Civic Patronage in the Roman Empire 4
Contents 6
Foreword 10
List of Tables and Graphs 12
Some Representative Texts 14
1 Introduction 20
1.1. Varieties of Patronage 21
1.2. On the Theory and Practice of Patronage in Modern Scholarship 24
1.3. On the Nature of Exchange 27
1.4. Concerning Evidence and Methods 32
1.5. Redefining Civic Patronage and Patrocinium Publicum 35
1.6. On Cause and Effect / Mutual Reinforcement 36
1.7. Central Issues and Questions 37
1.8. On the Organization of This Monograph 38
2 Civic Patronage in the Late Republic 40
2.1. Patrocinium and Clientela in Caesar's Bellum Gallicum 43
2.2. Caesar, Pompeius and the Patronage of Massilia 52
2.3. The Spanish Clientelae of Pompeius and Caesar 59
2.3.1. The Clientele of Pompeius 60
2.3.2. The Clientele of Caesar 66
2.3.3. Caesar's First Settlement of Spain 69
2.3.4. Caesar and the Spanish Communities after Ilerda 70
2.4. Italian Clientelae in the Late Republic 75
2.4.1. Quinctius C. f. Valgus and Aeclanum 76
2.4.2. Sulla and Pompeii 78
2.4.3. Cicero and His Clients in Capua and Reate 79
2.4.4. The Clientele of Pompeius in Picenum 81
2.4.5. Patrons and Client Communities After Caesar's Death 84
2.5. Patronage of the Greek Cities of the East 89
2.6. Conclusion 94
3 Augustus and Civic Patronage 102
3.1. The Theory and Practice of Civic Patronage in the Age of Augustus 107
3.2. The Princeps and the Imperial Family 111
3.3. Aemulatio principis: Civic Patronage and the Urban Policy of Augustus 123
3.4. Patronage and Urban Policy 127
3.5. Patronage in the Principate of Augustus: The Question of Status 134
3.6. The Fate of the Civic Clientelae of the Republican Nobility 138
3.7. Mutual Obligations 139
4 Civic Patronage in the Principate 144
4.1. Civic Patronage in the Literary Evidence of the Principate 144
4.2. Pliny and His Client Communities 150
4.2.1. Pliny and Tifernum 150
4.2.2. Pliny and the Baetici 154
4.2.3. Pliny and Firmum 163
4.2.4. Pliny and Comum 164
4.2.5. Patronage and Benefaction in Pliny's Letters 165
4.3. Fronto and Cirta 166
4.4. Epictetus and the Patron of Cnossos 171
4.5. Tacitus on the Limits of Civic Patronage 174
4.6. Conclusion 178
5 Civic Patronage in the Verrines 182
5.0. Introduction 182
5.1. The Working of Patronage in the Verrines 184
5.1.1. Patronus causae 185
5.1.2. The Patrons of the Sicilian Communities 186
5.1.3. The Patrons of the Province 187
5.1.4. The Patrons of Communities 195
5.1.5. The Patrons of Individuals 201
5.1.6. Conclusions 203
5.2. The Working of Hospitium 204
5.2.1. The Hospites 205
5.2.2. Equality and Inequality 206
5.2.3. Hospitium and Proxenia 207
5.2.4. Publice and Privatim 208
5.2.5. The Initiation of the Relationship 208
5.2.6. The Duties of the Hospites 209
5.2.7. The Violation of Hospitium 210
5.2.8. The Renunciation of Hospitium 211
5.3. Cicero and the Sicilians 212
5.4. The Representation of Patrocinium and Hospitium 215
5.4.1. Statues and Inscriptions (monumenta) 216
5.4.2. Laudationes and Legationes 219
5.5. Conclusions 222
6 Civic Patronage in Roman Law 226
6.1. The Regulations of the Central Government 227
6.1.1. The Request of the Sicilians in 70 BC 229
6.1.2. The ‘lex Julia repetundarum’ of 59 BC 230
6.1.3. Augustan Legislation of AD 11 232
6.1.4. The Epigraphical Record 237
6.1.5. Patterns and Anomalies 239
6.2. Other Regulations 243
6.2.1. The Regulations in Municipal Charters 243
6.2.2. Municipal Decrees 247
6.3. The Effectiveness of the Legislation 249
6.4. Conclusions 254
7 Civic Patronage in the Epigraphical Record 258
7.0. Introduction 258
7.1. General Characteristics of the Data 260
7.2. Some Regional Variations 266
7.3. Observations on the Rank of the Patron and Status of the Client 267
7.4. Municipal Patrons of Other Ranks 274
7.4.1. Women as Civic patrons 274
7.4.2. Freedmen as Civic Patrons 276
7.4.3. Client Kings as Municipal Patrons 277
7.5. Benefactions 277
7.5.1. The Preference for Generalities 278
7.5.2. From the General to the Specific 281
7.5.3. Administrative Activities of the Patron 283
7.5.4. Other Forms of Benefaction 287
7.6. Reflections on the Epigraphical Record 292
8 Patronage and the Patrons of Canusium: A Case Study 298
8.1. The Problem and the City 298
8.2. The Text and Its Characteristics 302
8.3. The Ranking of the Patrons of Canusium 308
8.1.1. Imperial Prefects as Patrons (Nos. 1-5) 308
8.3.2. Patrons of Consular Rank 312
8.3.3. The Ranking of Prefects and Consulars 314
8.3.4. The Patrons of Praetorian Rank 317
8.3.5. Patrons of Lower Senatorial Rank 318
8.3.6. Patrons of Equestrian Rank 318
8.4. The Needs and Expectations of the Client Community 320
8.5. Conclusions 327
Appendices 329
Appendix 1: The Revision of the Album 329
Appendix 2: The Bruttii 329
Appendix 3: How Long Was the Album Displayed? 330
9 Reflections on the Evolution of Civic Patronage 332
Select Bibliography 340
General Index 354
Index of Persons 360

The Roman Empire of the Principate may be understood as a consortium of communities bound together by ties that were institutional and personal. Civic patrons played a central role in that process by which subjects became citizens.

2014-06-15