Physical Properties and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites (Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering) 🔍
edited by S. C. Tjong and Y.-W. Mai Woodhead Publishing Limited, Woodhead Publishing in materials, Cambridge, UK, Philadelphia, PA, England, 2010
英语 [en] · PDF · 22.5MB · 2010 · 📘 非小说类图书 · 🚀/duxiu/lgli/lgrs/nexusstc/zlib · Save
描述
Polymer nanocomposites are polymer matrices reinforced with nano-scale fillers. This new class of composite materials has shown improved mechanical and physical properties. The latter include enhanced optical, electrical and dielectric properties. This important book begins by examining the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites, then reviews their diverse applications. Part one focuses on polymer/nanoparticle composites, their synthesis, optical properties and electrical conductivity. Part two describes the electrical, dielectric and thermal behaviour of polymer/nanoplatelet composites, whilst polymer/nanotube composites are the subject of Part three. The processing and industrial applications of these nanocomposite materials are discussed in Part four, including uses in fuel cells, bioimaging and sensors as well as the manufacture and applications of electrospun polymer nanocomposite fibers, nanostructured transition metal oxides, clay nanofiller/epoxy nanocomposites, hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites and other rubber-based nanocomposites. Polymer nanocomposites: Physical properties and applications is a valuable reference tool for both the research community and industry professionals wanting to learn about the these materials and their applications in such areas as fuel cell, sensor and biomedical technology. Examines the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites and reviews their diverse applicationsComprehensively assesses polymer/nanoparticle composites exploring experimental techniques and data associated with the conductivity and dielectric characterizationA specific section on polymer/nanotube composites features electrical and dielectric behaviour of polymer/carbon nanotube composites. Read more...
备用文件名
lgrsnf/G:\!genesis\1\_missing\609ea4771c588ae674f9bb14b6d6e575.pdf
备用文件名
nexusstc/Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites/609ea4771c588ae674f9bb14b6d6e575.pdf
备用文件名
zlib/Engineering/S C Tjong; Y W Mai/Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites_2350787.pdf
备选标题
Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle: Occurrence and Transformation in the Environment (Volume 62) (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Volume 62)
备选标题
Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites,Guedes, Rui,Woodhead Publishing Limited;Ingram Publisher Services [Distributor]
备选标题
Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites: Types and Applications (Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering)
备选标题
Failure Analysis and Fractography of Polymer Composites (Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering)
备选标题
Creep And Fatigue In Polymer Matrix Composites (woodhead Publishing Series In Composites Science And Engineering)
备选标题
Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites: physical properties and applications
备选作者
M Petrović; Damià Barceló; Sandra Perez, (Writer on pharmaceutical water pollution)
备选作者
Mira Petrovic; Sandra Perez; Damia Barcelo
备选作者
Cecil L Wilson; David W Wilson; G Svehla
备选作者
S. C. Tjong, Y. W. Mai, Y. W. Mai
备选作者
edited by Rui Miranda Guedes
备选作者
Sie Chin Tjong; Y. W Mai
备选作者
Tjong, S C; Mai, Y. -W.
备选作者
edited by Fengge Gao
备选作者
Emile S Greenhalgh
备选作者
Greenhalgh, Emile
备选作者
Petrovic, Mira
备选作者
TotalBoox; TBX
备选作者
Guedes, R M
备选作者
Gao, Fengge
备选作者
Fengni Gao
备用出版商
Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S.
备用出版商
Elsevier Science & Technology Books
备用出版商
Woodhead Publishing ; CRC Press
备用出版商
CRC Press ; Woodhead Publishing
备用出版商
Elsevier Pub. Co
备用出版商
Aspen Publishers
备用版本
Wilson and Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry, volume 62, Second edition, Amsterdam ; Boston, 2013
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in materials, Great Abington, UK, Philadelphia, PA, England, 2011
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing series in composites science and engineering, Burlington, 2010
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing series in composites science and engineering, Oxford, 2010
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, 2012
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in materials, Cambridge, UK, Boca Raton, FL, 2009
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in Materials, Boca Raton, Cambridge, cop. 2009
备用版本
Woodhead publishing in materials, 1. publ, Boca Raton, Fla, 2009
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in materials, Cambridge, England, 2012
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in materials, Cambridge, UK, ©2011
备用版本
Woodhead Publishing in materials, Cambridge, UK, 2012
备用版本
Woodhead publishing in materials, Oxford, 2012
备用版本
United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom
备用版本
Elsevier Ltd., Sawston, Cambridge, 2012
备用版本
United States, United States of America
备用版本
Elsevier Ltd., Cambridge, U.K., 2010
备用版本
Elsevier Ltd., Boston, MA, 2013
备用版本
Elsevier Ltd., Cambridge, 2009
备用版本
Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, 2011
备用版本
Amsterdam ; New York, 1959-
备用版本
1, US, 2009
备用版本
3, 10/2010
备用版本
2, 11/2010
备用版本
2, 10/2012
备用版本
1, 2010
备用版本
1, 2012
元数据中的注释
lg1182327
元数据中的注释
{"isbns":["0857090240","0857096249","1613443676","1845692179","1845696565","1845696727","1845699408","9780857090249","9780857096241","9781613443675","9781845692179","9781845696566","9781845696726","9781845699406"],"publisher":"Woodhead Publishing Limited","series":"Woodhead Publishing in materials"}
元数据中的注释
Includes bibliographical references and index.
元数据中的注释
MiU
备用描述
Content: Part 1 Polymer/nanoparticle composites: Synthesis and optical properties of cadmium sulfide/polymer nanocomposite particles; Conductivity and dielectric characterization of polymer nanocomposites; Electrical behavior of particle-filled polymer nanocomposites; Optical properties of ferroelectric nanocrystal/polymer composites; Transparent and light emitting zinc oxide/epoxy nanocomposites; Polyaniline-based nanocomposites: preparation, properties and applications. Part 2 Polymer/nanoplatelet composites: Dielectric relaxation in polymer-clay nanocomposites; Crystallization behavior of semicrystalline polymer-clay nanocomposites; Synthesis and electrical conducting behavior of graphite nanoplatelet polymer nanocomposites; Flame retardancy of polymer-clay nanocomposites; Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbonaceous nanofillers and their piezoresistive behaviour; Modeling permeability behavior of polymer nanocomposites; Environmental stability and flammability of polyolefin/layered silicate nanocomposites. Part 3 Polymer/nanotube composites: Electrical and dielectric behavior of carbon nanotube-filled polymer composites; Morphology and thermal behavior of polymer/carbon nanotube composites; Polymer/carbon nanotube composites for electromagnetic interference reduction. Part 4 Applications: Electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of high performance polymer nanocomposite bipolar plates for fuel cells; Electrospun polymer nanocomposite fibers: Fabrication and physical properties; Polymeric/inorganic nanocomposites: fabrication and applications in multiple bioimaging; Gas sensing conductive polymer nanocomposites filled with carbon black nanoparticles; Nano-structured transition metal oxides and their applications in composites; Physical properties and applications of clay nanofiller/epoxy nanocomposites; Fracture behavior of hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites; Physical properties of rubber-based nanocomposites; Carbon nanotube nanocomposites for biomedical actuators; Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics in polymer nanocomposites.
Abstract: The book is divided into sections covering polymer/nanoparticle composites, polymer/nanoplatelet composites and polymer/nanotube composites. It finishes by reviewing the range of applications for these important new materials. Read more...
备用描述
The growing use of polymer composites is leading to increasing demand for fractographic expertise. Fractography is the study of fracture surface morphologies and it gives an insight into damage and failure mechanisms, underpinning the development of physically-based failure criteria. In composites research it provides a crucial link between predictive models and experimental observations. Finally, it is vital for post-mortem analysis of failed or crashed polymer composite components, the findings of which can be used to optimise future designs.<br><br>Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites covers the following topics: methodology and tools for failure analysis; fibre-dominated failures; delamination-dominated failures; fatigue failures; the influence of fibre architecture on failure; types of defect and damage; case studies of failures due to overload and design deficiencies; case studies of failures due to material and manufacturing defects; and case studies of failures due to in-service factors.<br><br>With its distinguished author, Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites is a standard reference text for researchers working on damage and failure mechanisms in composites, engineers characterising manufacturing and in-service defects in composite structures, and investigators undertaking post-mortem failure analysis of components. The book is aimed at both academic and industrial users, specifically final year and postgraduate engineering and materials students researching composites and industry designers and engineers in aerospace, civil, marine, power and transport applications.<br><br><ul><li>Examines the study of fracture surface morphologies in uderstanding composite structural behaviour</li><li>Discusses composites research and post-modern analysis of failed or crashed polymer composite components</li><li>Provides an overview of damage mechanisms, types of defect and failure criteria</li></ul>
备用描述
Polymer nanocomposites are polymer matrices reinforced with nano-scale fillers. This new class of composite materials has shown improved mechanical and physical properties. The latter include enhanced optical, electrical and dielectric properties. This important book begins by examining the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites, then reviews their diverse applications.<br><br>Part one focuses on polymer/nanoparticle composites, their synthesis, optical properties and electrical conductivity. Part two describes the electrical, dielectric and thermal behaviour of polymer/nanoplatelet composites, whilst polymer/nanotube composites are the subject of Part three. The processing and industrial applications of these nanocomposite materials are discussed in Part four, including uses in fuel cells, bioimaging and sensors as well as the manufacture and applications of electrospun polymer nanocomposite fibers, nanostructured transition metal oxides, clay nanofiller/epoxy nanocomposites, hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites and other rubber-based nanocomposites.<br><br>Polymer nanocomposites: Physical properties and applications is a valuable reference tool for both the research community and industry professionals wanting to learn about the these materials and their applications in such areas as fuel cell, sensor and biomedical technology.<br><br><ul><li>Examines the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites and reviews their diverse applications</li><li>Comprehensively assesses polymer/nanoparticle composites exploring experimental techniques and data associated with the conductivity and dielectric characterization</li><li>A specific section on polymer/nanotube composites features electrical and dielectric behaviour of polymer/carbon nanotube composites</li></ul>
备用描述
Polymer nanocomposites are polymer matrices reinforced with nano-scale fillers. This new class of composite materials has shown improved mechanical and physical properties. The latter include enhanced optical, electrical and dielectric properties. This important book begins by examining the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites, then reviews their diverse applications.
Part one focuses on polymer/nanoparticle composites, their synthesis, optical properties and electrical conductivity. Part two describes the electrical, dielectric and thermal behaviour of polymer/nanoplatelet composites, whilst polymer/nanotube composites are the subject of Part three. The processing and industrial applications of these nanocomposite materials are discussed in Part four, including uses in fuel cells, bioimaging and sensors as well as the manufacture and applications of electrospun polymer nanocomposite fibers, nanostructured transition metal oxides, clay nanofiller/epoxy nanocomposites, hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites and other rubber-based nanocomposites.
Polymer nanocomposites: Physical properties and applications is a valuable reference tool for both the research community and industry professionals wanting to learn about the these materials and their applications in such areas as fuel cell, sensor and biomedical technology. Examines the characteristics of the main types of polymer nanocomposites and reviews their diverse applications Comprehensively assesses polymer/nanoparticle composites exploring experimental techniques and data associated with the conductivity and dielectric characterization A specific section on polymer/nanotube composites features electrical and dielectric behaviour of polymer/carbon nanotube composites
备用描述
The addition of nanoparticles to polymer composites has led to a new generation of composite materials with enhanced and novel properties. Advances in polymer nanocomposites reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications.<br><br>Part one reviews types of polymer nanocomposites according to fillers. Processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement are discussed, alongside calcium carbonate and metal-polymer nanocomposites. Part two focuses on types of polymer nanocomposites according to matrix polymer, with polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites discussed. Soft, gel and biodegradable polymer nanocomposites are also considered. Part three goes on to investigate key applications, including fuel cells, aerospace applications, optical applications, coatings and flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites.<br><br>With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Advances in polymer nanocomposites is an essential guide for professionals and academics involved in all aspects of the design, development and application of polymer nanocomposites.<br><br><ul><li>Reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications</li><li>Discusses processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement</li><li>Discusses polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites</li></ul>
备用描述
Creep is the tendency of materials to deform when subjected to long-term stress, particularly when exposed to heat. Fatigue phenomena occur when a material is subjected to cyclic loading, causing damage which may progress to failure. Both are critical factors in the long-term performance and reliability of materials such as polymer matrix composites which are often exposed to these types of stress in civil engineering and other applications. This important book reviews the latest research in modelling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites.<br><br>The first part of the book reviews the modelling of viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviour as a way of predicting performance and service life. Part two discusses techniques for modelling creep rupture and failure. The final part of the book discusses ways of testing and predicting long-term creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites.<br><br>With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites is a standard reference for all those researching and using polymer matrix composites in such areas as civil engineering.<br><br><ul><li>Reviews the latest research in modelling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites</li><li>A specific focus on viscoelestic and viscoplastic modelling features the time-temperature-age superposition principle for predicting long-term response</li><li>Creep rupture and damage interaction is examined with particular focus on time-dependent failure criteria for lifetime prediction of polymer matrix composite structures illustrated using experimental cases</li></ul>
备用描述
The addition of nanoparticles to polymer composites has led to a new generation of composite materials with enhanced and novel properties. Advances in polymer nanocomposites reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications.Part one reviews types of polymer nanocomposites according to fillers. Processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement are discussed, alongside calcium carbonate and metal-polymer nanocomposites. Part two focuses on types of polymer nanocomposites according to matrix polymer, with polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites discussed. Soft, gel and biodegradable polymer nanocomposites are also considered. Part three goes on to investigate key applications, including fuel cells, aerospace applications, optical applications, coatings and flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Advances in polymer nanocomposites is an essential guide for professionals and academics involved in all aspects of the design, development and application of polymer nanocomposites. Reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications Discusses processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement Discusses polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites
备用描述
The addition of nanoparticles to polymer composites has led to a new generation of composite materials with enhanced and novel properties. Advances in polymer nanocomposites reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications. Part one reviews types of polymer nanocomposites according to fillers. Processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement are discussed, alongside calcium carbonate and metal-polymer nanocomposites. Part two focuses on types of polymer nanocomposites according to matrix polymer, with polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites discussed. Soft, gel and biodegradable polymer nanocomposites are also considered. Part three goes on to investigate key applications, including fuel cells, aerospace applications, optical applications, coatings and flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Advances in polymer nanocomposites is an essential guide for professionals and academics involved in all aspects of the design, development and application of polymer nanocomposites. Reviews the main types of polymer nanocomposites and their applications Discusses processing of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and cellulose nanoparticles as functional fillers and reinforcement Discusses polyolefin-based, (PVC)-based, nylon-based, (PET)-based and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based polymer nanocomposites
备用描述
Creep is the tendency of materials to deform when subjected to long-term stress, particularly when exposed to heat. Fatigue phenomena occur when a material is subjected to cyclic loading, causing damage which may progress to failure. Both are critical factors in the long-term performance and reliability of materials such as polymer matrix composites which are often exposed to these types of stress in civil engineering and other applications. This important book reviews the latest research in modelling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites. The first part of the book reviews the modelling of viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviour as a way of predicting performance and service life. Part two discusses techniques for modelling creep rupture and failure. The final part of the book discusses ways of testing and predicting long-term creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites is a standard reference for all those researching and using polymer matrix composites in such areas as civil engineering. Reviews the latest research in modelling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix compositesA specific focus on viscoelestic and viscoplastic modelling features the time-temperature-age superposition principle for predicting long-term responseCreep rupture and damage interaction is examined with particular focus on time-dependent failure criteria for lifetime prediction of polymer matrix composite structures illustrated using experimental cases
备用描述
<p><i>Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle</i> provides an overview of the current analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples. The book also reviews the fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle for their elimination in wastewater and drinking water treatment, focusing on the newest developments in treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation processes.</p> <p>Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of new, so-called emerging contaminants that have raised great concern in recent years. Human and veterinary drugs are continuously being released into the environment mainly as a result of the manufacturing processes, the disposal of unused or expired products, and via excreta. The analytical methodology for the determination of trace pharmaceuticals in complex environmental matrices is still evolving, and the number of methods described in the literature has grown considerably. This volume leads the way, keeping chemistry students, toxicologists, engineers, wastewater managers and related professionals current with developments in this quickly evolving area.</p><br><br><ul><li>Covers the latest developments in trace determinations</li><li>Concise and critical compilation of the recent literature </li><li>Focuses on new treatment technologies</li></ul>
备用描述
Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle provides an overview of the current analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples. The book also reviews the fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle for their elimination in wastewater and drinking water treatment, focusing on the newest developments in treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation processes. Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of new, so-called emerging contaminants that have raised great concern in recent years. Human and veterinary drugs are continuously being released into the environment mainly as a result of the manufacturing processes, the disposal of unused or expired products, and via excreta. The analytical methodology for the determination of trace pharmaceuticals in complex environmental matrices is still evolving, and the number of methods described in the literature has grown considerably. This volume leads the way, keeping chemistry students, toxicologists, engineers, wastewater managers and related professionals current with developments in this quickly evolving area. Covers the latest developments in trace determinations Concise and critical compilation of the recent literature Focuses on new treatment technologies
备用描述
"The growing use of polymer composites is leading to an increasing demand for fractographic expertise. Fractography is the study of the fracture surface morphology and is an essential tool for advancing the understanding of confidence in composite structural behavior. Fractography gives an insight into damage mechanisms and underpins the development of physically based failure criteria. It provides a vital link between predictive models and experimental observations. Finally, it is vital for post-mortem analysis of failed or crashed structures, the findings of which are used to optimize future designs." "Failure Analysis and Fractography of Polymer Composites will be a standard reference text for researchers working on damage and failure mechanisms in composites, engineers characterizing manufacturing and in-service defects in composite structures, and investigators undertaking post-mortem failure analysis of components. The book is aimed at both academic and industrial users, specifically final year and postgraduate engineering and materials students researching composites, and industry designers and engineers in aerospace, civil, marine, power and transport applications."--Jacket
备用描述
La 4e de couverture indique : Creep is the tendency of materials to deform when subjected to long-term stress, particularly when exposed to heat. Fatigue phenomena occur when a material is subjected to cyclic loading, causing damage which may progress to failure. Both are critical factors in the long-term performance and reliability of materials such as polymer matrix composites, which are often exposed to these types of stresses in civil engineering and other applications. This important book reviews the latest research in modeling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites. The first part of the book reviews the modeling of viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior as a way of predicting performance and service life. Part two discusses techniques for modeling creep rupture and failure. The final part of the book addresses ways of testing and predicting long-term creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites
备用描述
Annotation Creep is the tendency of materials to deform when subjected to long-term stress, particularly when exposed to heat. Fatigue phenomena occur when a material is subjected to cyclic loading, causing damage which may progress to failure. Both are critical factors in the long-term performance and reliability of materials such as polymer matrix composites, which are often exposed to these types of stresses in civil engineering and other applications. This important book reviews the latest research in modeling and predicting creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites. The first part of the book reviews the modeling of viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior as a way of predicting performance and service life. Part two discusses techniques for modeling creep rupture and failure. The final part of the book addresses ways of testing and predicting long-term creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites
备用描述
Fractography is the study of the fracture surface morphology and is an essential tool for advancing the understanding of confidence in composite structural behavior. Fractography gives an insight into damage mechanisms and underpins the development of physically based failure criteria. This work provides an overview of the field.
开源日期
2014-06-12
更多信息……

🚀 快速下载

成为会员以支持书籍、论文等的长期保存。为了感谢您对我们的支持,您将获得高速下载权益。❤️

🐢 低速下载

由可信的合作方提供。 更多信息请参见常见问题解答。 (可能需要验证浏览器——无限次下载!)

所有选项下载的文件都相同,应该可以安全使用。即使这样,从互联网下载文件时始终要小心。例如,确保您的设备更新及时。
  • 对于大文件,我们建议使用下载管理器以防止中断。
    推荐的下载管理器:JDownloader
  • 您将需要一个电子书或 PDF 阅读器来打开文件,具体取决于文件格式。
    推荐的电子书阅读器:Anna的档案在线查看器ReadEraCalibre
  • 使用在线工具进行格式转换。
    推荐的转换工具:CloudConvertPrintFriendly
  • 您可以将 PDF 和 EPUB 文件发送到您的 Kindle 或 Kobo 电子阅读器。
    推荐的工具:亚马逊的“发送到 Kindle”djazz 的“发送到 Kobo/Kindle”
  • 支持作者和图书馆
    ✍️ 如果您喜欢这个并且能够负担得起,请考虑购买原版,或直接支持作者。
    📚 如果您当地的图书馆有这本书,请考虑在那里免费借阅。