The main topic of the book is a reconstruction of the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short “intelligence” from simplest organisms to humans. It investigates to which extent the two are correlated. One central topic is the alleged uniqueness of the human brain and human intelligence and mind. It is discussed which neural features make certain animals and humans intelligent and creative: Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of “intelligence centers” inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such “intelligence centers” decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? And which are the driving forces behind these processes? Finally, it is asked what all this means for the classical problem of mind-brain relationship and for a naturalistic theory of mind.
Erscheinungsdatum: 14.06.2013

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by Gerhard Roth

Roth, Gerhard

Springer Science + Business Media BV

Springer Nature, Dordrecht, 2013

Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2013

Netherlands, Netherlands

2013, US, 2013

uuuu

sm21970967

producers:
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MiU

Preface 8
Contents 11
1 Introduction: Are Mind and Brain a Unity? 16
2 Mind and Intelligence 21
2.1...Types of Learninglearning 22
2.2...Types of Memorymemory 25
2.3...IntelligenceIntelligence and Behavioral Flexibilitybehavioral flexibility 27
2.4...Consciousnessconsciousness 29
2.5...MindMind-Brain Theories 31
2.6...What Does All This Tell Us? 36
3 What Is Evolution? 38
3.1...Historical Concepts of Evolution 38
3.2...Neodarwinismneodarwinism and Its Problems 40
3.3...Concepts of Evolution Beyond Natural Selectionnatural selection 43
3.4...The Reconstruction of Phylogenyreconstruction of phylogeny and Evolution 46
3.5...What Does All This Tell Us? 50
4 The Mind Begins with Life 52
4.1...What Is Life? 52
4.2...Order, Self-Productionself-production, and Self-Maintenanceself-maintenance 54
4.3...Life, Energy Acquisition, and Metabolism 57
4.4...The Origin of the First Life 58
4.5...The Further Development of Simple Life 59
4.6...What Does All This Tell Us? 61
5 The Language of Neurons 62
5.1...The Structure of a Nerve Cell 63
5.2...Principles of Membrane Excitabilitymembrane excitability 64
5.3...Ion Channelsion channels and Neural Transmissionneural transmission 67
5.3.1 The Function of Ion Channelsion channels 68
5.3.2 The Origin of the Action Potentialaction potential 70
5.3.3 Neurotransmitters and Other Neuroactive Substances 72
5.4...Principles of Neuronal Information Processingneuronal information processing 77
5.5...What Does All This Tell Us? 80
6 Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa: Successful Life without a Nervous System 82
6.1...BacteriaBacteria and Archaeaarchaea 82
6.2...Protozoa 86
6.3...Why Did Multicellular Organisms Evolve? 88
6.4...What Does All This Tell Us? 89
7 The ‘‘Invertebrates’’ and Their Nervous Systems 91
7.1...Non-bilaterians 92
7.1.1 Spongessponges 92
7.1.2 Coelenteratescoelenterates 93
7.2...Bilaterians 95
7.2.1 Acoelomorpha 96
7.2.2 Protostomia 96
LophotrochozoaLophotrochozoa 96
Platyhelminthes 97
Lophophorata 98
Trochozoa 98
Ecdysozoaecdysozoa 108
Arthropoda 110
7.3...What Does All This Tell Us? 117
8 Invertebrate Cognition and Intelligence 119
8.1...Learning, Cognitive Abilities, and Intelligence in Insects 119
8.2...Learning, Cognitive Abilities, and Intelligence in Cephalopods 125
8.3...What Does All This Tell Us? 127
9 The Deuterostomia 128
9.1...The Origin of Deuterostomes and Their Nervous Systems 128
9.2...Echinoderms 131
9.3...Hemichordates 131
9.4...Chordates-Craniates-Vertebrates 132
9.4.1 MyxinoidsMyxinoids 133
9.4.2 Vertebrates 134
PetromyzontidsPetromyzontids 134
ChondrichthyansChondrichthyans 135
OsteichthyansOsteichthyans 135
AmphibiansAmphibians 137
ReptilesReptiles 137
BirdsBirds 138
MammalsMammals 139
9.5...What Does All This Tell Us? 141
10 The Brains of Vertebrates 142
10.1...The Basic Organization of the Vertebrate Brain 142
10.2...Medulla SpinalisMedulla spinalis and Oblongata 147
10.3...CerebellumCerebellum 149
10.4...Mesencephalon 151
10.5...DiencephalonDiencephalon 154
10.6...Telencephalon 158
10.6.1 Functional AnatomyFunctional anatomy of the IsocortexIsocortex 166
10.6.2 Are the Mammalian Cortex and the Mesonidopallium of Birds Homologous? 171
10.7...What Does All This Tell Us? 173
11 Sensory Systems: The Coupling between Brain and Environment 175
11.1...The General Function of Sense Organs 175
11.2...Olfactionolfaction 178
11.3...The Mechanical Sensesmechanical senses and Electroreceptionelectroreception 180
11.3.1 The Sense of Touch, Vibration, and Medium Currents 181
11.3.2 The Mechanoreceptive and Electroreceptive Lateral Line Systemlateral line system of Fish and Amphibians 183
Mechanoreceptive Lateral Line Systemlateral line system 183
The Electroreceptive System 185
11.3.3 The Auditory Systemauditory system 187
11.4...The Visual Systemvisual system 192
11.4.1 The Compound Eye of Insects 193
11.4.2 The Vertebrate Eye and Retinaretina 196
11.4.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Systemvisual system of Vertebrates 198
11.5...What Does All This Tell Us? 201
12 How Intelligent Are Vertebrates? 203
12.1...Cognition in Teleost Fishes 204
12.2...Learning and Cognitive Abilities in Amphibians 206
12.3...Cognitive Abilities and Intelligence in Mammals and Birds 208
12.3.1 Tool Use and Tool Fabricationtool fabrication 209
12.3.2 Quantity RepresentationQuantity Representation 211
12.3.3 Object Permanenceobject permanence 212
12.3.4 Reasoningreasoning and Working Memoryworking memory 212
12.3.5 Social Intelligencesocial intelligence 214
‘‘Machiavellian’’ Intelligence 214
Gaze Followinggaze following 214
Imitationimitation 215
13 Do Animals Have Consciousness? 218
13.1...Mirror Self-Recognitionmirror self-recognition 219
13.2...Metacognitionmetacognition 220
13.3...Theory of Mindtheory of mind: Understanding the Others 221
13.4...Conscious AttentionConscious attention 224
13.5...How Intelligent Are Dolphins and Elephants? 228
13.6...What Does All This Tell Us? 229
14 Comparing Vertebrate Brains 232
14.1...Brain Size and Body Size 232
14.2...The Significance of Relative Brain Sizerelative brain size and of ‘‘Encephalization’’ 236
14.3...The Fate of the Cortex as the ‘‘Seat’’ of Intelligence and the Mind 242
14.3.1 Information Processing Properties of the Cortex 242
14.3.2 Modularity of the Cortex 247
14.3.3 Specialties of the Cytoarchitecture of the Mammalian Cortex 248
14.4...Bird Brains and Mesonidopallium 249
14.5...What Does All This Tell Us? 250
15 Are Humans Unique? 252
15.1...How Did Homo sapiens Evolve? 253
15.2...Leaving the Jungle and Its Consequences 256
15.3...Enlargement of the Brain and Its Consequences 260
15.4...Language and the Brain 262
15.4.1 Animal Languageanimal language 262
15.4.2 The Evolution of Human Languagehuman language 265
15.4.3 The Tempo of the Evolution of Human Languagehuman language 269
15.5...Do Humans Exhibit a Special Social Behavior? 271
15.6...What Does All This Tell Us? 272
16 Determinants of the Evolution of Brains and Minds 274
16.1...Patterns of the Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains 274
16.2...The Evolution of Cognitive-Mental Functionsevolution of cognitive-mental functions 278
16.3...How Do Differences in Intelligence Relate to Differences in Brain Structures and Functions? 279
16.4...Which Are the Ultimate Factors for the Evolution of Brains and Minds? 280
16.4.1 Ecological Intelligenceecological intelligence 281
16.4.2 Social Intelligencesocial intelligence 283
16.4.3 General Intelligencegeneral intelligence 284
16.5...Basic Mechanisms of the Evolution of Brains and Cognitive Functions 286
16.6...What Does All This Tell Us? 289
17 Brains and Minds 291
17.1...The Problems of Dualismdualism 291
17.2...Problems of Strong Emergentismstrong emergentism 293
17.3...Problems of Reductionismreductionism 295
17.4...The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mindanatomy and physiology of mind 296
17.5...Brains and Minds in Birds, OctopusOctopus and the Honeybeehoneybee 298
17.6...Is Mind Multiply Realized and Artificially Realizable? 302
17.7...What Is the True Nature of the Mindtrue nature of mind? 304
Literature 306
Index 323

On the basis of evolutionary and behavioral biology, neuroscience and anthropology, this book investigates to which extent it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short "intelligence", and to which extent we can correlate the one with the other. One central question is, whether or not abilities exist that make humans truly unique, or whether the evolution of the human mind was a gradual process. Exactly which neural features make animals and humans intelligent and creative? Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of "intelligence centers" inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such "intelligence centers" decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? Which are the driving forces behind these processes? Here, many different answers exist. For some experts the driving force for brains and minds are the conditions for biological survival: the more complex these conditions, the more effective need to be sense organs, nervous systems and brains, and the stronger is the tendency to an increase in learning abilities, behavioral flexibility and innovation power of animals. This is the ecological intelligence hypothesis. Other authors believe that the true driving force is the challenge from social life of an animal: the more complex the social conditions, the more sophisticated are abilities such as social learning, imitation, empathy, knowledge transfer, consciousness and the development of a theory of mind and meta-cognition. This, again, needs progressive changes inside the brains. This is the social intelligence hypothesis. Again other authors distinguish physical intelligence as a third form of cognitive functions mostly related to tool use, tool fabrication and understanding of the principles of how things work. Finally, some experts believe that the decisive factor in the evolution of brains and minds consisted in an increase in the speed and efficacy of information processing in cognitive brain centers. This is the general intelligence or information processing hypothesis. It is discussed, which of these hypotheses is the most convincing one. At its end, the book deals with the eminent question of whether we can arrive at a naturalistic concept of mind and consciousness. Is it possible to explain mind and intelligence within the framework of the natural science, or do mind and intelligence as found in humans, transcend nature? -- Back cover

On the basis of evolutionary and behavioral biology, neuroscience and anthropology, this book investigates to which extent it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short “intelligence”, and to which extent we can correlate the one with the other. One central question is, whether or not abilities exist that make humans truly unique, or whether the evolution of the human mind was a gradual process. Exactly which neural features make animals and humans intelligent and creative? Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of “intelligence centers” inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such “intelligence centers” decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? Which are the driving forces behind these processes? Here, many different answers exist.^
For some experts the driving force for brains and minds are the conditions for biological survival: the more complex these conditions, the more effective need to be sense organs, nervous systems and brains, and the stronger is the tendency to an increase in learning abilities, behavioral flexibility and innovation power of animals. This is the ecological intellicence hypothesis. Other authors believe that the true driving force is the challenge from social life of an animal: the more complex the social conditions, the more sophisticated are abilities such as social learning, imitation, empathy, knowledge transfer, consciousness and the development of a theory of mind and meta-cognition. This, again, needs progressive changes inside the brains. This is the social intelligence hypothesis. Again other authors distinguish physical intelligence as a third form of cognitive functions mostly related to tool use, tool fabrication and understanding of the principles of how things work.^
Finally, some experts believe that the decisive factor in the evolution of brains and minds consisted in an increase in the speed and efficacy of information processing in cognitive brain centers. This is the general intelligence or information processing hypothesis. It is discussed, which of these hypotheses is the most convincing one. At its end, the book deals with the eminent question of whether we can arrive at a naturalistic concept of mind and consciousness. Is it possible to explain mind and intelligence within the framework of the natural science, or do mind and intelligence as found in humans, transcend nature?

On the basis of evolutionary and behavioral biology, neuroscience and anthropology, this book investigates to which extent it is possible to reconstruct the evolution of nervous systems and brains as well as of mental-cognitive abilities, in short "intelligence", and to which extent we can correlate the one with the other. One central question is, whether or not abilities exist that make humans truly unique, or whether the evolution of the human mind was a gradual process. Exactly which neural features make animals and humans intelligent and creative? Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of "intelligence centers" inside the brains, the number of nerve cells inside the brain in total or in such "intelligence centers" decisive for the degree of intelligence, of mind and eventually consciousness? Which are the driving forces behind these processes? Here, many different answers exist. For some experts the driving force for brains and minds are the conditions for biological survival: the more complex these conditions, the more effective need to be sense organs, nervous systems and brains, and the stronger is the tendency to an increase in learning abilities, behavioral flexibility and innovation power of animals. This is the ecological intellicence hypothesis. Other authors believe that the true driving force is the challenge from social life of an animal: the more complex the social conditions, the more sophisticated are abilities such as social learning, imitation, empathy, knowledge transfer, consciousness and the development of a theory of mind and meta-cognition. This, again, needs progressive changes inside the brains. This is the social intelligence hypothesis. Again other authors distinguish physical intelligence as a third form of cognitive functions mostly related to tool use, tool fabrication and understanding of the principles of how things work. Finally, some experts believe that the decisive factor in the evolution of brains and min ds consisted in an increase in the speed and efficacy of information processing in cognitive brain centers. This is the general intelligence or information processing hypothesis. It is discussed, which of these hypotheses is the most convincing one. At its end, the book deals with the eminent question of whether we can arrive at a naturalistic concept of mind and consciousness. Is it possible to explain mind and intelligence within the framework of the natural science, or do mind and intelligence as found in humans, transcend nature?

Front Matter....Pages i-xvii
Introduction: Are Mind and Brain a Unity?....Pages 1-5
Mind and Intelligence....Pages 7-23
What Is Evolution?....Pages 25-38
The Mind Begins with Life....Pages 39-48
The Language of Neurons....Pages 49-68
Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa: Successful Life without a Nervous System....Pages 69-77
The “Invertebrates” and Their Nervous Systems....Pages 79-106
Invertebrate Cognition and Intelligence....Pages 107-115
The Deuterostomia....Pages 117-130
The Brains of Vertebrates....Pages 131-163
Sensory Systems: The Coupling between Brain and Environment....Pages 165-192
How Intelligent Are Vertebrates?....Pages 193-207
Do Animals Have Consciousness?....Pages 209-222
Comparing Vertebrate Brains....Pages 223-242
Are Humans Unique?....Pages 243-264
Determinants of the Evolution of Brains and Minds....Pages 265-281
Brains and Minds....Pages 283-297
Back Matter....Pages 299-320

This book asks, What makes human intelligence unique? Is it absolute or relative brain size or the size of the brain's "intelligence centers", the number of nerve cells in the brain or in such "intelligence centers"? Covers the mind-brain relationship and more.

2013-08-01