Over the decades, research has demonstrated that in categories of life deemed to be important, beautiful people achieve more desirable outcomes, are judged more favorably, and receive preferential treatment. An understanding of the historical aspects, science, and implications of what the human mind finds aesthetically pleasing is quintessential for dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and others who practice aesthetic medicine as the importance of beauty in today’s society is what brings patients into clinics.
While an element of dissatisfaction with one’s appearance is commonplace, clinicians should remain vigilant for individuals who seek cosmetic procedures to quell excessive body image concerns that are out of proportion to objective physical findings. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disorder of self-perception; it is the impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or minimal flaw in appearance. According to recent statistics, BDD occurs in 0.7–2.4% of the general population; however, multiple studies have suggested an incidence of 6–16% in patients seeking aesthetic medical treatments. Moreover, a vast majority will at some point seek dermatologic treatment and cosmetic surgery. Such patients are unlikely to be satisfied with corrective procedures, and only 15% of dermatologists surveyed thought that they could successfully treat BDD. Therefore, __Beauty and Body Dysmor__
phic Disorder aims to assist dermatologists, plastic surgeons, and other aesthetic providers in recognizing key characteristics as well as providing treatment strategies to help in caring for those with BDD.

lgli/K:\_add\!woodhead\!\spr\10.1007%2F978-3-319-17867-7.pdf

lgrsnf/K:\_add\!woodhead\!\spr\10.1007%2F978-3-319-17867-7.pdf

nexusstc/Beauty and Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Clinician's Guide/78b00fc9bdae45fb697248327e70056f.pdf

scihub/10.1007/978-3-319-17867-7.pdf

zlib/Medicine/Neelam A. Vashi (eds.)/Beauty and Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Clinician's Guide_2617294.pdf

Adobe InDesign CS5.5 (7.5)

Vashi, Neelam A.

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer Nature, Cham, 2015

Switzerland, Switzerland

1st ed. 2015, US, 2015

Sep 09, 2015

sm45659226

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 9.9

{"edition":"1","isbns":["3319178660","3319178679","9783319178660","9783319178677"],"last_page":210,"publisher":"Springer"}

Source title: Beauty and Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Clinician's Guide

Acknowledgments 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Chapter-1 10
Historical Importance of Beauty 10
The Beauty Background 10
Kosmetikos 12
What Is Beauty? 15
The “Beauty Premium” and “Ugliness Penalty” [25] 16
Importance to the Clinician 19
References 22
Chapter-2 26
Objective Aspects of Beauty 26
Scientific Basis 26
Averageness 27
Symmetry 32
Sexual Dimorphism 35
Body Fat Distribution 37
Skin Homogeneity 39
Other Traits 40
Proportions 41
Youthfulness 45
Summary 45
References 46
Chapter-3 53
Evolutionary Basis of Attraction 53
Infant Preferences for Attractive Faces 53
The Adaptive Function of Perception 54
The Animal Kingdom 55
The “Good Genes” Theory—Survival of Our Own Progeny 57
Cues to Health and Fertility 61
The Perception of Health 61
Actual Health 62
Beauty, Hormonal Status, and Reproductive Success 64
Boundaries of Beauty 65
References 66
Chapter-4 71
Subjective Aspects of Beauty 71
“Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder” 71
“What Is Good Is Beautiful” 72
Moderating Effects of Contextual and Conditional Factors 73
Social Context 74
Perceiver-Related Traits 75
Temporal Contexts 76
Historical Influences 76
Cultural Influences 79
Impact of the Mass Media and Globalization 84
Beauty as a Complex Construct 85
References 85
Chapter-5 90
Body Image and Body Image Dissatisfaction 90
Introduction: Conceptualizing Self and Body Image 90
External Influences on Body Image 91
Conventional Variances in Body Image 93
Defining “Normal” vs. “Abnormal” Body Dissatisfaction 94
Clinical Impact of Body Dissatisfaction 96
Conclusion 98
References 98
Chapter-6 101
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Historical Aspects 101
Obsession with Perfection 101
History of Body Dysmorphic Disorder 102
Historical Ideas on the Etiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder 104
Nomenclature 105
Diagnosis within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 106
Conclusion 107
References 107
Chapter-7 109
Diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder 109
Introduction 109
DSM-V Criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder [6] 110
Diagnostic and Associated Features 111
Differential Diagnosis 112
Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Comorbidities 113
Scales Used for Body Dysmorphic Disorder 115
Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) 115
BDD Dimensional Scale (BDD-D) 115
Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ) 116
Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI) 116
Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) 116
Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD (BDD-YBOCS) 116
Conclusion 116
References 117
Chapter-8 120
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Etiology and Pathophysiology 120
Introduction 120
Part I: Biological 120
Neuroanatomy 120
Impaired Processing 121
Neurotransmitters 122
Genetics 123
Part II: Psychological 123
Childhood Adversity 123
Personality Traits 124
Learning Theories 125
Part III: Sociocultural 126
Gender 126
Culture 126
The Media 126
Conclusion 127
References 127
Chapter-9 131
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts 131
Introduction 131
BDD in the General Population: Prevalence and Demographics 132
Development and Course 133
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Dermatology and Cosmetic Dermatology Patients 133
Rhinoplasty Patients 136
Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Associated Psychiatric Diseases 136
Depression and Anxiety 137
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 138
Eating Disorders 138
Conclusion 139
References 139
Chapter-10 142
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Effects of Aesthetic Treatments and Implications for the Dermatologist and Cosmetic Surgeon 142
Background 142
Outcomes of Nonpsychiatric Treatments 142
Additional Implications for Dermatologist 146
Conclusions and Recommendations 147
References 148
Chapter-11 150
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Screening Patients and Associated Algorithms 150
Introduction 150
General Guidelines and Behavioral Observations 151
Interview 153
Self-Report Questionnaires 154
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ) 155
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire—Dermatology Version (BDDQ-DV) 155
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination—Self Report (BDDE-SR) 158
Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale (BDSS) 159
Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) 159
Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire (COPS) 162
Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) 162
Conclusion 163
References 163
Chapter-12 167
Therapeutic Interventions for Body Dysmorphic Disorder 167
Introduction 167
Psychotherapeutic Treatment 168
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 169
Inference-Based Therapy 170
Pharmacologic Treatment 171
Selective-Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 171
Adjunct and Monotherapy 174
Practical Approach Considerations for the Dermatologist or Cosmetic Surgeon [43] 175
Conclusion 176
References 177
Chapter-13 179
Prognosis and the Effect of Body Dysmorphic Disorder on Life 179
Introduction 179
Chronic Course of Illness 180
Prognostic Indicators 181
Development of Comorbid Mental Health Conditions 183
Prognosis for Cosmetic Procedures 183
Quality of Life and Psychosocial Functioning 184
Suicidality and Violence 186
Conclusion 187
References 188
Chapter-14 192
Approach and Resources 192
General Tips for Caring for Those with Suspected BDD 192
Approach to Diagnosis 194
Approach to Therapy 194
Prescribing SSRIs 194
Behavior Tactics that Can Be Offered 195
Resources 196
National 196
References 206
Index 208

Front Matter....Pages i-x
Historical Importance of Beauty....Pages 1-16
Objective Aspects of Beauty....Pages 17-43
Evolutionary Basis of Attraction....Pages 45-62
Subjective Aspects of Beauty....Pages 63-81
Body Image and Body Image Dissatisfaction....Pages 83-93
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Historical Aspects....Pages 95-102
Diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder....Pages 103-113
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Etiology and Pathophysiology....Pages 115-125
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Epidemiology and Specific Cohorts....Pages 127-137
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Effects of Aesthetic Treatments and Implications for the Dermatologist and Cosmetic Surgeon....Pages 139-146
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Screening Patients and Associated Algorithms....Pages 147-163
Therapeutic Interventions for Body Dysmorphic Disorder....Pages 165-176
Prognosis and the Effect of Body Dysmorphic Disorder on Life....Pages 177-189
Approach and Resources....Pages 191-206
Back Matter....Pages 207-210

2015-11-25