This new and improved edition focuses on providing practical information and tools that engineers can use to maximize the profitability and reliability of their fluid catalytic cracking operations. The updated chapters and new content deliver expertise and know-how to an industry that faces significant cost cutting in capital expenditure and R&D, along with the retirement of technical specialists who are taking existing knowledge out of the industry with them. This FCC Handbook provides a valuable easy-to-understand resource for both experienced and inexperienced engineers and anyone else associated with the FCC process. This book gives those who need a quick reference, and gives those who are developing their skills and knowledge trusted information that will help them succeed with their projects.
Key features include;
Common examples that will enable engineers to achieve increased unit savings Updated with the latest process technologies for handling residue and "deep" hydrotreated feedstock New chapter discussing refractory lining, providing an introduction to the different refractories employed in FCC units, examples of various refractory linings and associated anchors, installation techniques as well as some guidelines for proper drying and curing refractory lining. New troubleshooting chapter, increasing the practical application of the book, along with new visual references to operation optimization About the author;
Reza Sadeghbeigi is President of RMS Engineering, Inc. a Houston, Texas based engineering firm providing high-level technical expertise in the area of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and related processes.
Reza has 35 years of hands-on FCC experience in the refining industry, focusing on technical services, troubleshooting, process design, and project management, including major FCC revamps. A licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.) in Texas and Louisiana, Reza has published technical papers and produced industry seminars on refining and catalytic cracking operations and conducted numerous client customized FCC training courses and public seminars.
The only practical approach, with tools and techniques for those with FCC responsibilities to help maximize the profitability and reliability of fluid catalytic cracking operations.
Updated throughout, with new material focusing on latest developments, the shift to using FCC to process lower quality crudes, and new applied material on troubleshooting.
Provides a reference for both experienced engineers who need a quick reference, as well as providing those who are developing their skills and knowledge with access to trusted information that will help them succeed in their projects.

lgli/3391.pdf

lgrsnf/3391.pdf

zlib/no-category/Фролова Т. П./Hazardous substances and human health : exposure impact and external cost assessment at the European scale_3673135.pdf

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook : An Expert Guide to the Practical Operation, Design, and Optimization of FCC Units

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, Second Edition (Chemical Engineering)

FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION

Sadeghbeigi, Reza

REZA SADEGHBEIGI

Academic Press, Incorporated

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Elsevier Science

Elsevier/BH

Brooks/Cole

3rd ed., Amsterdam, Boston, Netherlands, 2012

United States, United States of America

3rd ed, Burlington, 2012

3rd ed, Oxford, 2012

3, PS, 2012

0

lg2317683

{"last_page":360}

Includes index.

0i_Front-matter......Page 1
Fluid Catalytic CrackingHandbook......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Copright......Page 5
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 8
About the Author......Page 9
Chapter 1 Process Description......Page 10
Feed Preheat......Page 24
Feed Nozzles—Riser......Page 25
Catalyst Separation......Page 26
Stripping Section......Page 29
Regenerator—Heat/Catalyst Recovery......Page 32
Partial Versus Complete Combustion......Page 33
Regenerator Catalyst Separation......Page 35
Flue Gas Heat and Pressure Recovery Schemes......Page 36
Catalyst Handling Facilities......Page 37
Main Fractionator......Page 38
Gas Plant......Page 40
Sponge Oil or Secondary Absorber......Page 42
Debutanizer......Page 43
Water Wash System......Page 44
Sour Gas Absorber......Page 47
Caustic Treating......Page 49
Summary......Page 50
References......Page 51
Chapter 2 Process Control Instrumentation......Page 52
Process Control Instrumentation......Page 53
Basic Supervisory Control......Page 54
Low Differential Pressure Override......Page 55
Advantages of Multivariable Modeling and Control......Page 57
Summary......Page 58
Chapter 3 FCC Feed Characterization......Page 59
Paraffins......Page 60
Naphthenes......Page 61
Aromatics......Page 62
Feedstock Physical Properties......Page 63
API Gravity......Page 64
Distillation......Page 65
Aniline Point......Page 67
Bromine Number and Bromine Index......Page 68
Conradson, Ramsbottom, Microcarbon, and Heptane Insolubles......Page 69
Nitrogen......Page 71
Sulfur......Page 74
Nickel (Ni)......Page 77
Vanadium......Page 79
Alkaline Earth Metals......Page 80
Other Metals......Page 81
Empirical Correlations......Page 82
K-Factor......Page 83
TOTAL......Page 86
n–d–M Method......Page 88
API Method......Page 90
Benefits of Hydroprocessing......Page 93
References......Page 94
Catalyst Components......Page 95
Zeolite Chemistry......Page 96
Zeolite Types......Page 97
Zeolite Properties......Page 98
Matrix......Page 103
Conventional Zeolites (REY, REHY, and HY)......Page 104
USY Zeolite......Page 105
Particle Size Distribution......Page 107
Surface Area (m2/g)......Page 108
E-Cat Analysis......Page 109
Coke Factor and Gas Factor......Page 111
Apparent Bulk Density (g/cc)......Page 113
Alumina (Al2O3)......Page 114
Nickel (Ni), Vanadium (V), Iron (Fe), and Copper (Cu)......Page 115
Catalyst Management......Page 117
Catalyst Evaluation......Page 121
References......Page 123
CO Combustion Promoter......Page 124
SOx Additive......Page 125
NOx Additive......Page 126
ZSM-5 Additive......Page 127
Antimony......Page 129
References......Page 130
Chapter 6 Chemistry of FCC Reactions......Page 131
Thermal Cracking......Page 132
Impact of Zeolites......Page 134
Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking Reactions......Page 136
Isomerization Reactions......Page 137
Hydrogen Transfer Reactions......Page 138
Thermodynamic Aspects......Page 139
Summary......Page 140
References......Page 141
Chapter 7 Unit Monitoring and Control......Page 142
Material Balance......Page 143
Testing Methods......Page 144
Disadvantages of Reaction Mix Sampling......Page 145
Prior to the Test Run......Page 146
Data Collection......Page 147
Case Study......Page 148
Coke Yield Calculations......Page 150
Conversion to Unit of Weight (lb/h)......Page 152
Component Yield......Page 153
Adjustment of Gasoline and LCO Cut Points......Page 154
Heat Balance......Page 157
Heat Balance Around Stripper–Regenerator......Page 158
Reactor Heat Balance......Page 160
Pressure Balance......Page 164
Regenerator Catalyst Hopper......Page 165
Riser......Page 166
Spent Catalyst Slide or Plug Valve......Page 167
Case Study......Page 168
Reference......Page 172
FCC Products......Page 173
LPG......Page 174
Octane......Page 177
Sulfur......Page 181
LCO Yield......Page 184
Cetane......Page 185
Heavy Cycle Oil and Decanted Oil......Page 187
Decanted Oil Quality......Page 188
Coke......Page 189
FCC Economics......Page 191
References......Page 193
Aspects of an FCC Revamp......Page 194
Preproject......Page 195
Process Design......Page 196
Detailed Engineering......Page 197
Pre-commissioning and Start-up......Page 198
Useful Tips for a Successful Project Execution......Page 199
Cements......Page 200
Bricks......Page 201
Lightweight......Page 202
Erosion Resistant......Page 203
Plastic Refractories/Ram Mixes......Page 204
Cold Crushing Strength (psi, kg/cm2)......Page 205
Erosion (Abrasion) (ml)......Page 206
Vee......Page 207
Longhorns......Page 208
Hex Mesh......Page 209
Hex Cells......Page 210
Curl Anchor®......Page 211
Chain Link/Picket Fencing......Page 212
Punch Tabs (Corner Tabs)......Page 213
Anchor Patterns......Page 214
Heat Transfer......Page 215
Gunite......Page 216
Cast Vibrating......Page 217
Ramming......Page 218
Written Procedure......Page 219
Production Sampling......Page 220
Dryout of Refractory Linings......Page 221
Dryout of Refractory Linings During Start-up of Equipment......Page 222
Examples of Refractory Systems in FCC Units......Page 223
Acknowledgment......Page 225
Refractory Quality......Page 226
Feed Injection System......Page 227
Process Design Considerations for Feed Nozzles......Page 228
Catalyst Lift Zone Design Considerations......Page 229
Spent Catalyst Stripper......Page 232
Catalyst Flux......Page 234
Standpipe System......Page 235
Hopper Design......Page 236
Slide Valve or Plug Valve......Page 237
Air and Spent Catalyst Distributor......Page 238
Reactor and Regenerator Cyclone Separators......Page 241
Expansion Joint......Page 242
Summary......Page 243
Chapter 12 Troubleshooting......Page 244
Several General Guidelines for Effective Troubleshooting......Page 245
Key Aspects of FCC Catalyst Physical Properties......Page 246
Fundamentals of Catalyst Circulation......Page 247
Catalyst Losses......Page 252
Troubleshooting Steps......Page 254
Increase in Afterburn......Page 255
Hot Gas Expanders......Page 257
Troubleshooting Steps......Page 258
Reversal Prevention Philosophy......Page 259
Summary......Page 266
Introduction......Page 267
Approach to Optimization......Page 268
Debottlenecking......Page 269
Typical Feed Preheat Section......Page 270
Reactor/Regenerator Structure......Page 272
Riser Termination Device......Page 273
UOP VSS System......Page 275
KBR Closed Cyclone Offerings......Page 276
The Shaw Group......Page 278
CB&I Lummus’ Direct Coupled Cyclones (DCC) Features......Page 280
Feed Nozzles......Page 283
Air and Spent Catalyst Distribution System......Page 284
Differential Pressure Alarm/Shutdown......Page 285
Debottlenecking Combustion Air......Page 286
Flue Gas System......Page 287
Debottlenecking Main Fractionator and Gas Plant......Page 288
Debottlenecking the Wet Gas Compressor (WGC)......Page 290
Improving Performance of Absorber and Stripper Columns......Page 291
Debottlenecking Debutanizer Operation......Page 292
Steam/Boiler Feed Water......Page 294
Summary......Page 295
New Source Performance Standards......Page 297
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT II)......Page 298
CO Emission......Page 299
SOx Emission......Page 300
Flue Gas Scrubbing......Page 301
Particulate Matter......Page 303
Dry Electrostatic Precipitator......Page 304
Sintered Metal Pulse-Jet Filtration......Page 306
Operating Conditions......Page 308
Selective Catalytic Reduction......Page 309
Selective Noncatalytic Reduction......Page 310
LoTOxTM Technology......Page 311
Summary......Page 312
Residue Cracking......Page 313
Available Design Options to Process Residue......Page 317
RFCC Technology Offerings......Page 318
UOP RFCC Units......Page 319
Operational Impacts of Residue Feedstocks......Page 323
Processing “Deep” Hydrotreated Feedstock......Page 324
Summary......Page 325
APPENDIX 1 Temperature Variation of Liquid Viscosity......Page 326
APPENDIX 2 Correction to Volumetric Average Boiling Point......Page 327
APPENDIX 3 TOTAL Correlations......Page 328
APPENDIX 4 n — d — M Correlations......Page 329
APPENDIX 5 Estimation of Molecular Weight of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements......Page 330
APPENDIX 6 Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity......Page 332
APPENDIX 7 API Correlations......Page 333
APPENDIX 8 Definitions of Fluidization Terms......Page 335
APPENDIX 9 Conversion of ASTM 50% Point to TBP 50% Point Temperature......Page 338
APPENDIX 10 Determination of TBP Cut Points from ASTM D86......Page 339
APPENDIX 11 Nominal Pipe Sizes......Page 340
APPENDIX 12 Conversion Factors......Page 343
Glossary......Page 345
Index......Page 354

This new and improved edition focuses on providing practical information and tools that engineers can use to maximize the profitability and reliability of their fluid catalytic cracking operations. The updated chapters and new content deliver expertise and know-how to an industry that faces significant cost cutting in capital expenditure and R & D, along with the retirement of technical specialists who are taking existing knowledge out of the industry with them. This FCC Handbook provides a valuable easy-to-understand resource for both experienced and inexperienced engineers and anyone else associated with the FCC process. This book gives those who need a quick reference, and gives those who are developing their skills and knowledge trusted information that will help them succeed with their projects. Key features include; Common examples that will enable engineers to achieve increased unit savings Updated with the latest process technologies for handling residue and "deep" hydrotreated feedstock New chapter discussing refractory lining, providing an introduction to the different refractories employed in FCC units, examples of various refractory linings and associated anchors, installation techniques as well as some guidelines for proper drying and curing refractory lining. New troubleshooting chapter, increasing the practical application of the book, along with new visual references to operation optimization About the author; Reza Sadeghbeigi is President of RMS Engineering, Inc. a Houston, Texas based engineering firm providing high-level technical expertise in the area of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and related processes. Reza has 35 years of hands-on FCC experience in the refining industry, focusing on technical services, troubleshooting, process design, and project management, including major FCC revamps. A licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.) in Texas and Louisiana, Reza has published technical papers and produced industry seminars on refining and catalytic cracking operations and conducted numerous client customized FCC training courses and public seminars. The only practical approach, with tools and techniques for those with FCC responsibilities to help maximize the profitability and reliability of fluid catalytic cracking operations. Updated throughout, with new material focusing on latest developments, the shift to using FCC to process lower quality crudes, and new applied material on troubleshooting. Provides a reference for both experienced engineers who need a quick reference, as well as providing those who are developing their skills and knowledge with access to trusted information that will help them succeed in their projects

2019-01-16