This edited book provides a comprehensive review of the current agricultural waste disposal techniques focusing on the ongoing research in the production of various agro waste-derived value-added products. Further topic includes the techno-economic aspects in up-scaling the technology from lab scale to commercial/pilot scale. Sustainable waste management and alternative renewable energy sources are the most important requirements in this era of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Agricultural waste, which is one of the major contributors to overall waste production, has the ability to be an essential source of renewable energy and other valuable products. The ongoing research and technical advancements in agro-waste treatment lead to the efficient conversion of waste into different value-added products. This book is of primary interest to academicians, researchers, scientists and engineers working in the field of agro-residue management, and biomass to bio-energy conversion technologies. Also, the book serves as reading material for students of Environmental Engineering/Civil and Environmental Engineering and Agricultural Engineering. Rural Management authorities, Industrial and Government policy-making agencies may also find it useful read.

nexusstc/Agricultural Waste to Value-Added Products: Technical, Economic and Sustainable Aspects/88ec0c8b5c184db86f4149029a7c1ebd.pdf

lgli/60.pdf

lgrsnf/60.pdf

SPRINGER VERLAG, SINGAPOR

Springer Nature, Singapore, 2023

Singapore, 2024

S.l, 2023

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1

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Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Introduction: Growth of Agricultural Waste, Its Disposal, and Related Environmental Issues
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept and Generation of Agricultural Waste
1.2.1 Waste from Farming Activities
1.2.2 Waste from Livestock
1.2.3 Waste from Processing
1.3 Characteristics of Agricultural Waste
1.4 Approaches and Hierarchy of Agricultural Waste Management Systems
1.5 Agricultural Waste Management Techniques
1.5.1 Landfilling
1.5.2 Incineration
1.5.3 Composting
1.5.4 Anaerobic Digestion
1.5.5 Pyrolysis and Gasification
1.6 Health and Environmental Impact
1.7 Conclusions
References
2: Global Status of Agricultural Waste-Based Industries, Challenges, and Future Prospects
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Agricultural or Agro-Waste
2.2.1 Agricultural Solid Waste Classification
2.2.1.1 Livestock Waste
2.2.1.2 Waste from Food and Meat Processing
2.2.1.3 Waste Generation Through Crop Production
2.2.1.4 On-Farm Medical Waste
2.2.1.5 Waste from Horticulture
2.2.1.6 Waste from Agro-Based Industries
2.2.1.7 Chemical Wastes
2.2.2 Composition of Agro-Waste
2.2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2.2 Lignin
2.2.2.3 Hemicellulose
2.2.3 Agro-Waste By-Products
2.2.3.1 Value-Added Products
2.2.3.2 Utilisation of the By-Products
2.3 Cause of Agricultural Waste Production
2.3.1 Agriculture-Related Activities
2.3.2 Poor Road Infrastructure Sustainable Solid Waste Management Techniques
2.3.3 Insufficient or Non-existent Rural Electrification
2.3.4 Improper Drying Processes and Storage Facilities
2.3.5 Food Wasted
2.3.6 Kitchen Waste
2.4 Global Status of Agro-Waste
2.4.1 Overall Population Growth
2.4.2 Medium Variant Population Growth
2.4.3 Effects Due to Rapid Urbanisation
2.5 Management of Agro-Waste
2.5.1 Production
2.5.2 Collection
2.5.3 Transfer
2.5.4 Storage
2.5.5 Treatment
2.5.6 Utilisation
2.6 Challenges of Agro-Waste
2.7 Future Prospects of Agro-Waste
2.7.1 Renewable Energy Resources
2.7.2 Biofertilisers
2.7.3 Soil Amendments
2.7.4 Dye Adsorption
2.7.5 Heavy Metal Adsorption
2.7.6 Energy Recovery from Agro-Waste
2.7.7 Construction Materials from Agro-Waste
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Technoeconomic and Sustainability Analysis of Agricultural Waste Conversion Technologies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Agricultural Waste: Source for Bioenergy
3.2.1 Major Organic Constituents
3.2.2 Biofuel Production from Agro-Wastes
3.3 Microwave (MW) in Bioenergy Production
3.3.1 Continuous Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (CMAP)
3.3.2 Limitations and Challenges Involved
3.4 Concept of Circular Bioeconomy
3.4.1 Technoeconomic Analysis of Microwave-Assisted Processes
3.4.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Microwave-Induced Techniques
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Biochemical Approach for Transformation of Agricultural Waste to Bioenergy and Other Value-Added Products Through the Bioel...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Agro-Waste Sources as Raw Material
4.3 Applications of Different Agro-Waste Materials
4.3.1 Production of Bioenergy from Different Agro-Waste
4.3.2 Other Biochemicals ́ Recovery
4.4 Traditional Agro-Waste Conversion Technologies
4.4.1 Biochemical Conversion
4.4.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion
4.4.1.2 Fermentation
4.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion
4.4.2.1 Direct Combustion
4.4.2.2 Pyrolysis
4.4.2.3 Gasification
4.4.2.4 Liquefaction
4.5 Agro-Waste Conversion Through Bioelectrochemical Systems
4.5.1 Other Applications of Agro-Waste-Derived Products in BES
4.6 Recommendation and Future Scope
4.7 Conclusions
References
5: Energy-Efficient Bioelectrochemical System for Treatment of Agricultural Wastes and Wastewater: Mechanism, Scope, and Chall...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanism Behind Different Bioelectrochemical Systems Applicable in the Field of Agro-Based Industries ́ Effluents
5.2.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)
5.2.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell
5.2.3 Microbial Electrosynthesis Cell
5.2.4 Microbial Solar Cells
5.2.5 Plant Microbial Fuel Cells
5.3 Sources of Agro-Wastes from Different Industries and their Treatment with Different Types of BESs
5.3.1 Brewery Industry
5.3.2 Dairy Industry
5.3.3 Edible Oil Industry
5.3.4 Sugar Industry
5.3.5 Coffee Processing Industry
5.3.6 Textile Industry
5.3.7 Rice and Wheat Mill Industry
5.4 Challenges or Limitations in Proper Functioning of These Bioelectrochemical Systems
5.5 Ways to Make BES Effective and Commercialisable
5.6 Future Recommendations
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Microbial Conversion of Agricultural Residues into Organic Fertilizers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Biological Waste-Based Fertilizers (Biofertilizers)
6.3 Conversion Technologies of Agricultural Residues for Farming Applications
6.3.1 Composting
6.3.2 Vermicomposting
6.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion
6.3.4 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF)
6.4 Microbes Involved in Waste Conversion Processes
6.5 Value-Added Products and Their Nutritional Importance
6.5.1 Compost
6.5.2 Vermicompost
6.5.3 Digestate
6.5.4 Biofertilizer
6.6 Trends and Prospects
6.7 Conclusions
References
7: Thermochemical Approach for Sustainable Transformation of Agricultural Waste into Value-Added End Products
7.1 Overview of Agricultural Waste
7.2 Conversion Technologies
7.2.1 Torrefaction
7.2.2 Pyrolysis
7.2.3 Gasification
7.2.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization
7.3 Advanced Thermochemical Processes
7.3.1 Use of Microwave
7.3.2 Integrated Biochemical and Thermochemical Processes
7.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
8: Advances in Thermochemical Valorization of Agricultural Waste
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Sources and Composition of Agricultural Waste
8.1.2 Characterization of Various Types of Agricultural Waste
8.2 Existing Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
8.2.1 Pyrolysis/Torrefaction
8.2.2 Gasification
8.2.3 Hydrothermal Treatment
8.2.4 Incineration
8.3 Advanced Thermochemical Processes
8.3.1 Use of Microwave
8.3.2 Integrated Biochemical and Thermochemical Processes
8.3.3 Thermal Digestion Technique
8.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
9: Conversion of Agricultural Waste with Variable Lignocellulosic Characteristics into Biochar and Its Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Agriculture Waste Generation Phases
9.2.1 Pre-harvesting Phase
9.2.2 Harvesting Phase
9.2.3 Post-harvesting Phase
9.3 Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Waste
9.3.1 Water Pollution
9.3.2 Air Pollution
9.3.3 Soil Pollution
9.4 Legal Rules and Regulation of Agricultural Wastes
9.5 Elements of Lignocellulosic Composition
9.5.1 Cellulose (C6H10O5)n
9.5.2 Hemicellulose (C5H4O8)m
9.5.3 Lignin (C9H10O3(OCH3)0.9-1.7)x
9.6 Parameters Influencing Biomass Composition
9.6.1 Soil Type and Geographical Location
9.6.2 With the Age of the Plant
9.6.3 Climate Condition
9.6.4 Parts of Biomass Plants and Species
9.7 Utilization of Agricultural Waste
9.7.1 Pyrolysis
9.7.2 Composting
9.7.3 Methane Production
9.7.4 Soil Reclamation
9.8 Physical Treatment Methods
9.8.1 Pyrolysis
9.8.2 Gasification
9.8.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
9.9 Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Material into Biochar
9.10 Characterization Techniques of Biochar
9.10.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG)
9.10.2 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis
9.10.3 Chemical Analysis
9.10.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
9.10.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
9.10.6 X-Ray Diffraction Measurements
9.11 Influence of Lignocellulosic Composition on Pore Formation
9.12 Application of Biochar (Fig. 9.4)
9.12.1 Soil Application
9.12.2 Contaminant Removal from Water and Wastewater
9.12.3 Electrode Material
9.13 Summary
References
10: Agricultural Waste-Based Biochar for Soil Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction: Preparation, Evaluation, Applicatio...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation of Agricultural Waste-Based Biochar (AWB)
10.3 Common Biochar Modification Methods for Improved Fixation of GHG
10.3.1 Physical Method
10.3.2 Chemical Modification
10.3.3 Biological Modification
10.4 Evaluation of Biochar for Soil Carbon Sequestration
10.4.1 The Capacity of AWB for Carbon Sequestration in Soil
10.4.2 The Assessment Methods of CSER Capacity of Biochar
10.5 Biochar ́s Ability for Soil Carbon Sequestration
10.5.1 Original Biochar
10.5.2 Activated/Modified Biochar
10.6 The Mechanisms Associated with Carbon Sequestration in Soil by Biochar
10.7 Factors that Impact Soil Carbon Sequestration Ability of Biochar
10.7.1 Properties of Biochar
10.7.2 Soil Properties
10.7.3 Nutrient Management
10.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
11: Contemporary Approaches for Biochar Production from Agro-Waste and Its Current and Prognostic Applications in Environment ...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Feedstock Availability and Characteristics
11.3 Pyrolysis Methods for Biochar Production
11.4 Applications of Biochar
11.4.1 Biochar as a Nutrient Source
11.4.2 Effect of Biochar on Soil Microbial Structure
11.4.3 Effect of Biochar on Suppressing Plant Diseases
11.4.4 Case Studies on Suppression of Plant Diseases Using Biochar
11.4.5 Mechanism of Biochar on Organic Content in Soil Structure
11.4.6 Influencing Parameters of Biochar on Organic Content in Soil Structure
11.4.7 Effect of Biochar on Soil Enzymes
11.4.8 Effect of Biochar on Microbial Diversity
11.5 Future Directions and Prospects
11.6 Summary and Outlook
References
12: Valorization of Sugarcane Bagasse Fly Ash Into a Low-Cost Adsorbent Material for Removal of Heavy Metals: A Review
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Sugarcane Bagasse Fly Ash
12.1.2 Composition of BFA
12.1.3 Applications of BFA
12.1.3.1 Construction Industry
12.1.3.2 BFA as an Adsorbent
12.1.3.3 Other Applications
12.2 Synthesis of Zeolite from Bagasse Fly Ash
12.2.1 Application of Synthesized Zeolite in Heavy Metal Removal
12.3 Conclusions
References
13: Extraction of Lignin from Various Agricultural Biomass: Its Characterization and Applications
13.1 Importance of Lignin Extraction
13.2 Pretreatment of Agro-Waste
13.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
13.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment
13.2.3 Physicochemical Pretreatment
13.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
13.3 Methods of Lignin Extraction
13.3.1 High-Boiling Alcohol Solvent Extraction
13.3.2 Organic Solvent Extraction
13.4 Characterization Techniques
13.4.1 Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
13.4.2 Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HSQC NMR)
13.5 Application of Lignin
13.5.1 Industrial Applications
13.5.2 Agricultural Applications
13.5.3 Medical Applications
13.5.3.1 Lignin in Wound-Healing Dressings
13.5.3.2 Lignin in Diabetes Treatment
13.5.3.3 Lignin-Based Material as Carrier and Delivery System
13.5.3.4 Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives in Antiviral and Anticancer
13.6 Conclusion and Prospect
References
14: Rice Husk: From Agro-Industrial to Modern Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applications of RH in Agricultural Industry
14.2.1 Biocontrol Agents
14.2.2 Soil Fertility Improvement
14.2.3 Mushroom Production
14.2.4 Mulching
14.3 Applications in Food and Feed Industry
14.4 Applications in Environment Development
14.4.1 Remediation of Soil
14.4.2 Water Treatment Industry
14.4.3 Removal of Dye
14.4.4 Fuel
14.4.5 Other Energy Resources
14.5 Applications in Construction Materials
14.5.1 Ceramics Production
14.5.2 Concrete Production
14.5.3 Brick Industry
14.6 Applications in Pharmacy and Medicine
14.7 Nanobiotechnology Applications of RH
14.8 Economic Impact
14.9 Concluding Remarks and Prospects
References
15: Production and Application of Nanomaterials from Agricultural Waste
15.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials from Agro-wastes
15.1.1 Conversion Process of Agricultural Waste to Carbonized Materials
15.1.1.1 CNs
15.1.1.2 GO and CNTs
15.1.1.3 Activated Carbon/Biochar
15.1.2 Conversion Process of Agricultural Waste to Non-carbonized Materials
15.1.2.1 Nanocellulose
15.1.2.2 Carbon Quantum Dots
15.2 Characterization of Nanomaterials From Agricultural Waste
15.2.1 Technique of Microscope
15.2.1.1 Electron Microscope
SEM
TEM
Other Electron Microscopy Techniques
15.2.1.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
15.2.2 Techniques of Spectroscopy
15.2.2.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
15.2.2.2 Raman Scattering (RS)
15.2.3 Techniques for Thermal Analysis
15.2.3.1 DTA
15.2.3.2 DSC
15.2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG)
15.2.4 Other Technologies
15.2.4.1 X-ray Diffraction
15.2.4.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
15.2.4.3 Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS)
15.2.4.4 Brunel-Emmett-Taylor
15.3 Potential Applications of Agro-waste-Based Nanoparticles
15.3.1 Applications of Agro-waste-Based Nanoparticles in Energy
15.3.1.1 Energy Storage
CNM-Based Lithium (Li)-Ion Battery
CNM-Based SCs
15.3.1.2 CNMs to Product Hydrogen
Graphyne
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
Transition Metal Carbon/MXene
15.3.2 Applications of Agro-waste-Based Nanoparticles in Medicine
15.3.2.1 CNMs as Drug/Gene Carrier
Drug Carrier
Gene Carrier
15.3.2.2 Applications of CNMs in Bioimaging
Bioimaging Agent
MRI Agents
15.3.2.3 Applications in Cardiovascular Therapy
Drug/Biomolecule Delivery
Biological Sensor
15.3.3 Applications of Agro-waste-Based Nanoparticle Aviation Sector
15.3.3.1 Research Status of CNM-Reinforced Structural Composites
Layered Stack Structure
Directed Structures
3D Network
15.3.3.2 Research Status of CNMs in the Field of Electromagnetic Shielding
15.4 Application of Nanomaterials From Agricultural Waste for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment
15.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
15.4.2 Carbon Nanofibers
15.4.3 Graphene
15.4.4 Activated Carbon
15.4.5 Nanocellulose
References
16: Agricultural Waste as a Source of Fine Chemicals
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Potential Use of Agri-Waste Sources
16.2 Chemical Composition of Agricultural Waste
16.2.1 Cellulose
16.2.2 Hemicellulose
16.2.3 Lignin
16.2.4 Collagen
16.2.5 Keratin
16.3 Fine Chemicals and Their Potential Uses
16.3.1 Potential Uses of Fine Chemicals
16.3.1.1 Pharmaceutical Drugs
16.3.1.2 Food Application
16.3.1.3 Agricultural and Fertilizer Application
16.3.1.4 Alkaloids
16.4 Synthesis Routes of Fine Chemicals from Agricultural Waste
16.4.1 Physical Refining
16.4.2 Chemical Synthesis
16.4.3 Biochemical Process
16.5 Recent Improvements in Conversion Technologies
16.5.1 Chemical Synthesis
16.5.2 Biotechnology
16.5.3 Synthetic Bioengineering
16.5.4 Extraction
16.5.5 Hydrolysis
16.5.6 Biorefining Conversion Technologies
16.5.7 Electro-Conversion Synthesis
16.6 Commercialization Opportunities
16.7 Conclusion
References
17: Centralized Approach for the Agricultural Waste-Based Industry
17.1 Background
17.2 Agricultural Waste or Agro-Waste (AW)
17.3 Composition of Agricultural Wastes
17.3.1 Wastes from Farming Activities
17.3.2 Waste from Animal Production
17.3.3 Waste from Aquaculture
17.4 System of Agricultural Waste Management (AWMS)
17.5 Agro-Industrial Waste Types
17.5.1 Agricultural Residues
17.5.2 Industrial Byproducts
17.6 Utilization of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes
17.7 Centralized Approach for Agricultural Waste
17.7.1 The Positive Aspects of Centralized Control
17.7.2 Drawbacks of An Overly Centralized System
17.8 Treatment of Agro Wastes
17.9 Challenges and Perspectives for Future Research
17.10 Conclusions
References
18: Decentralized Composting and Vermicomposting for Agricultural Waste Management: Recycle at Source
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Agricultural Wastes to Wealth
18.3 Composting Technology
18.4 Decentralized Composting and Vermicomposting
18.5 Major Challenges in Field Implementation
18.6 Agribusiness
18.7 Conclusion
References

2024-01-21