Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health challenge as the third leading cause for cancer related mortalities worldwide.  Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, the five-year survival rate for CRC patients has remained the same over time due to the fact that patients are often diagnosed in advanced metastatic stages. Drug resistance is another common reason for poor prognosis. Researchers are now developing advanced therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination nanotechnology for drug delivery. In addition, the identification of new biomarkers will potentiate early stage diagnosis. This book is the second of three volumes on recent developments in colorectal diagnosis and therapy. Each volume can be read on its own, or together. Each volume focuses on different novel therapeutic advances, biomarkers, and identifies therapeutic targets for treatment. Written by leading international experts in the field, coverage addresses the role of diet habits and lifestyle in reducing gastrointestinal disorders and incidence of CRC. Chapters discuss current and future diagnostic and therapeutic options for colorectal cancer patients, focusing on immunotherapeutics, nanomedicine, biomarkers, and dietary factors for the effective management of colon cancer.

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Vishvakarma, Naveen Kumar; Nagaraju, Ganji Purnachandra; Shukla, Dhananjay

Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju; Dhananjay Shukla; Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma

Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma; Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju; Dhananjay Shukla

Author

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer Nature, Cham, 2021

Switzerland, Switzerland

Cham, Switzerland, 2021

2, 20210604

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lg3023182

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Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Application of Single Cell Technology in Colorectal Cancer
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Isolation Methods for Single Cells and Recent Developments in Single Cell Techniques
1.2.1 Single Cell Genome (DNA) Sequencing
1.2.2 Single Cell Transcriptome (RNA) Sequencing
1.2.3 Single Cell Epigenome Sequencing: DNA Methylation and Histone Sequencing
1.3 Applications
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Dietary Habits and Global Incidence of Colon Cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Difference in Dietary Habits
2.2.1 The Western Diet
2.2.2 Mediterranean Diet (MeD)
2.2.3 African Diet
2.2.4 Asian Diet
2.2.4.1 Chinese Diet
2.2.4.2 Japanese Diet
2.3 Fruits and Vegetables (F&V)
2.3.1 Dietary Fiber
2.4 Grains
2.5 Meat
2.6 Carcinogens Produced by Cooking Methods
2.6.1 Barbecue (BBQ)/Grilling
2.6.2 Frying
2.6.3 Roasting
2.7 Carcinogen from Food Processing
2.8 Carcinogen from Food Preservation
2.8.1 Salt
2.8.2 Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
2.9 Carcinogen from Pesticide Uses
2.10 Environment Pollutants
2.10.1 Aflatoxins (AFB1)
2.11 Carcinogen from Water
2.12 Role of Lifestyle Factors
2.12.1 Obesity
2.12.2 Physical Inactivity
2.12.3 Alcohol Consumption
2.12.4 Smoking
2.13 Immune Status
2.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Diet and Colon Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of Nutrients in CRC
3.3 Calcium
3.4 Vitamin D
3.5 Dietary Fiber
3.6 Foods
3.7 Meat
3.8 Dairy Products
3.9 Fruits and Vegetables
3.10 Whole Grain
3.11 Dietary Pattern
3.12 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Chapter 4: Recent Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Colon Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Molecular Aspects of Colon Cancer
4.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets of Colorectal Cancer
4.3.1 Treatment Approaches to Colon Cancer
4.3.1.1 Conventional Methods
Surgery/Polypectomy
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted Therapy
4.3.1.2 Advanced Approaches to Treat Colon Cancer
Immunotherapy
Cancer Vaccines
Cellular Therapies
Gene Therapies
Combination Therapies
Nutritional Supplement Therapies
References
Chapter 5: Role of Bacteria in the Development of Cancer
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bacterial Factors Involved in Cancer Development
5.2.1 Cell Surface Components
5.2.2 Bacterial Toxins
5.2.3 Bacterial Effector Proteins
5.2.4 Other Factors
5.3 Bacterial Species Involved in Colon Cancer Development
5.3.1 Escherichia coli
5.3.2 Salmonella enterica
5.3.3 Fusobacterium nucleatum
5.3.4 Bacteroides fragilis
5.3.5 Streptococcus gallolyticus
5.3.6 Enterococcus faecalis
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Role of Bacterial Infection (H. pylori) in Colon Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Colorectal Polyp
6.1.2 Microflora
6.1.3 Helicobacter pylori
6.1.4 Classification
6.2 Pathogenesis: Helicobacter pylori
6.2.1 Colonization and Chronicity
6.2.2 Gastric Barrier Disruption
6.2.3 Colon Cancer: Pathogenesis of H. pylori
6.2.3.1 Gastrin
6.2.3.2 Cytotoxin-Associated Antigen (CagA)
6.2.3.3 Vacuolating Cytotoxin A (VacA)
6.2.3.4 Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)
6.2.4 Colon Polyps and Metabolic Syndrome in H. pylori Infection
6.3 Transmission of Helicobacter pylori
6.4 Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
6.4.1 Endoscopic Imaging
6.4.2 Molecular Methods
6.4.3 Histology
6.4.4 Rapid Urease Test (RUT)
6.4.5 Urea Breath Test (UBT)
6.4.6 Serology
6.4.7 Stool Antigen Tests (SATs)
6.5 Helicobacter pylori Infection: Therapy
6.5.1 Dual Therapy
6.5.2 Triple Therapy
6.5.3 Quadruple, Concomitant, Sequential, and Hybrid (QCSH) Therapies
6.5.4 Levofloxacin-Based Therapy
6.5.5 Bismuth-Based Therapy
6.5.6 Rifabutin, Furazolidone, and Sitafloxacin
6.5.7 Probiotics
6.5.8 Vonoprazan
6.6 Antibiotic Resistance
6.7 Impact of H. pylori Eradication on Gut Microbiota
6.8 Vaccines
6.8.1 Optimization of the Delivery System
6.8.2 Clinical Trial Vaccine
6.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer Using Molecular Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Epidemiology
7.3 Risk Factors
7.3.1 Ageing
7.3.2 Gender
7.3.3 Ethnicity
7.3.4 Hereditary Factors
7.3.5 Environmental and Dietary Factors
7.3.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Primary Sclerosing Colingitis
7.3.7 Other Risk Factors
7.4 Current Screening Guidelines of CRC for Asymptomic, Average-Risk Individuals
7.5 Molecular Basis of CRC
7.5.1 Tumour Suppressor Genes
7.5.2 Oncogenes
7.5.3 Mismatch Repair Genes
7.6 Other Biomarkers
7.7 Mutator-Phenotype Pathways of CRC
7.7.1 The Chromosomal Instability Pathway
7.7.2 The Microsatellite Instability Pathway
7.7.3 The CPG Island Methylator (CIMP) Pathway
7.8 Methods of Molecular Testing in CRC
7.9 Clinical Implications of Molecular Biomarker Testing in CRCs
7.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Nanotechnology Approaches for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanomedicines/Nanodevices for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
8.2.1 Organic Nanomaterials for Colon Cancer Therapies
8.2.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
8.2.1.2 Liposomes
8.2.1.3 Dendrimers
8.2.1.4 Polymeric Micelles (PMs)
8.2.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Colon Cancer Therapies
8.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.2.2 Nanoshells
8.2.2.3 Fullerene Derivatives
8.2.2.4 Silica Nanoparticles
8.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Natural Products as Immunomodulatory and Chemosensitizing Agents in Colon Cancer Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Immune Surveillance: Basic Mechanism and Biological Function
9.2.1 Elimination
9.2.2 Equilibrium
9.2.3 Escape
9.3 Immunomodulation and Chemosensitization of Colon Cancer
9.3.1 Curcumin
9.3.1.1 Curcumin as a Chemosensitizer
9.3.1.2 Immunomodulatory Effect of Curcumin
9.3.2 Resveratrol
9.3.2.1 Chemosensitizing Effect of Resveratrol
9.3.2.2 Immunomodulatory Effect of Resveratrol
9.3.3 EGCG
9.3.3.1 EGCG as a Chemosensitizer
9.3.3.2 Immunomodulatory Effect of EGCG
9.4 Conclusion
9.5 Future Directions
References
Chapter 10: Role of DNA Mismatch Repair Genes in Colorectal Cancer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mismatch Repair (MMR) Mechanism
10.3 Role of MMR Deficiency in Developing CRC
10.4 Approaches for Identifying Deficient MMR
10.5 Management of the Deficient MMR System in CRC
10.6 Defective Mismatch Repair in Response to Targeted Therapies
References
Chapter 11: Targeting of Aerobic Glycolysis: An Emerging Therapeutic Approach Against Colon Cancer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Aerobic Glycolysis in Colon Cancer Progression
11.2.1 Glycolysis as an Instant Source of Energy and Macromolecular Precursors
11.2.2 Signaling Pathways Responsible for Reprogrammed Glucose Metabolism in Colon Cancer
11.2.3 Role of the Glycolytic Nature of Colon Cancer Cells in Chemoresistance
11.2.4 Aerobic Glycolysis in the Development of an Efficient Antioxidant System
11.2.5 Role of Glycolysis-Induced Acidosis in Colon Cancer Progression
11.3 Is Glycolysis an Appropriate Therapeutic Target for Colon Cancer Treatment?
11.4 Targeting the Glycolytic Pathway for Colon Cancer Treatment
11.4.1 Glycolytic Inhibitors: Promising Future Therapeutic Options for Clinical Management of Colon Cancer
11.4.2 Phytochemicals with Anti-glycolytic Potential in Colon Cancer Treatment
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: An Insight into the Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Colorectal Cancer: Latest Perspective
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Curcumin
12.2.1 Gallic Acid
12.3 Apigenin
12.4 Ellagic Acid
12.5 Sulforaphane
12.6 Allicin
12.7 Resveratrol
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Seaweeds: Potential Candidates in Human Colon Cancer Therapy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Secondary Metabolites from Seaweeds
13.2.1 The Bioactive Compounds Derived from the Brown Algae and Their Application in Colon Cancer
13.2.1.1 Laminarin
13.2.1.2 Fucoidan
13.2.1.3 Meroterpenoid
13.2.1.4 Fucoxanthin
13.2.2 The Bioactive Compounds Isolated from the Green Algae and Their Application in Colon Cancer
13.2.3 The Bioactive Compounds from the Red Algae and Their Application in Colon Cancer
13.2.3.1 Extract of Lithothamnion calcareum
13.2.3.2 Dactylone
13.2.3.3 Porphyra haitanensis Polysaccharides (PHPs)
13.2.3.4 Lophocladines
13.2.3.5 Methanolic Extract of Plocamium telfairiae
13.2.4 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of the Chemotherapeutic Drugs Commonly Used for Colon Cancer
13.2.4.1 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of Irinotecan
13.2.4.2 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of Oxaliplatin
13.2.4.3 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of Capecitabine
13.2.4.4 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of 5-Fluorouracil
13.2.4.5 Structure and Pharmacokinetics of Trifluridine and Tipiracil (Lonsurf)
13.2.4.6 Adverse Effects
13.2.5 Commercialization of the Seaweed-Derived Drug for Colon Cancer and Brand
13.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Recent Update on Nanomedicine-Based Drug Targeting on Colon Cancer
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conventional Therapy for Colon Cancer
14.3 Limitation for Colon Drug Delivery
14.3.1 Anatomical Factors
14.3.2 Intestinal Transit Time
14.3.3 Colonic Fluid Volume and Viscosity
14.3.4 Colonic pH
14.3.5 Colonic Enzymes and Metabolism
14.3.6 Multidrug Resistance as Barriers
14.4 Targets for CRC Treatment
14.4.1 Receptors and Transporters
14.4.2 Colon Cancer Stem cells (CCSCs) Target
14.4.3 Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment
14.4.4 Targeting Colorectal Cancer and Metastatic Liver Cancer
14.4.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Therapy
14.5 Colon-Targeted Novel Drug Delivery
14.5.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
14.5.2 Lipid-Based Formulations
14.5.3 Ligand-/Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery System
14.5.4 Magnetic Microcarrier for Drug Delivery
14.5.5 Micelles
14.5.6 Liposomes
14.5.7 Dendrimers
14.5.8 Cyclodextrins
14.5.9 Microemulsions
14.5.10 Nanoparticles
14.6 Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 15: Therapeutic Targeting of Glutamine Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metabolism of Cancer and Normal Cells
15.2.1 Glutamine Metabolism
15.2.2 Glutamine Transporters and Cancer
15.2.3 Different Enzymes Associated with Glutamine Metabolism in CRC
15.3 Targeting Glutamine Metabolism in CRC
15.4 Future Prospective
References
Chapter 16: Preventive Effect of Indian Food on Colorectal Cancer
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Epidemiology and Etiology of Colorectal Cancer
16.1.2 Global Incidence
16.1.3 Incidence Rate in India
16.1.4 Mortality and Survival
16.2 Indian Approach Toward Cancer Prevention
16.3 Role of Indian Diet in Colon Cancer Prevention
16.3.1 Role of Spices in Colon Cancer Prevention
16.3.1.1 Turmeric
16.3.1.2 Black Cumin
16.3.1.3 Ginger
16.3.1.4 Garlic
16.3.1.5 Onion and Scallion
16.3.1.6 Saffron
16.3.1.7 Black Pepper
16.3.1.8 Red Chili Pepper and Capsaicin
16.3.1.9 Rosemary
16.3.1.10 Clove
16.3.1.11 Galangal
16.3.1.12 Coriander
16.3.1.13 Cinnamon
16.3.1.14 Oregano
16.3.1.15 Cardamom
16.3.2 Role of Condiments in Colon Cancer Prevention
16.3.2.1 Honey
16.3.2.2 Nuts and Seeds
16.3.2.3 Tea and Coffee
16.3.2.4 Salads
16.4 Role of Other Commonly Used Indian Foods in Colon Cancer Prevention
16.4.1 Tamarind
16.4.2 Pomegranate
16.4.3 Amla
16.4.4 Sugar Beet
16.4.5 Bitter Gourd
16.4.6 Moringa
16.5 Dietary Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer Prevention
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Extracellular Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer Progression, Metastasis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
17.1 Extracellular Vesicles
17.1.1 Exosomes
17.1.2 Microvesicles (MVs) or Ectosomes
17.1.3 Large Oncosomes (LOs)
17.1.4 Apoptotic Bodies (ABs)
17.2 Isolation, Detection, and Analysis of Exosome
17.3 Role of EVs in Cancer
17.4 Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
17.5 Role of EVs in CRC
17.5.1 EVs in Tumor Progression
17.5.2 Instigation of Metastasis
17.5.3 Role in Drug Resistance
17.5.4 Tumor Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker
17.5.5 EVs in the Regulation of Immune Response to Cancer
17.5.6 EVs in Cancer Therapeutics
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Probiotics in Colon Cancer: A Therapeutic Approach
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Recent Findings in Newer Probiotic Strains
18.2.1 In Vitro Studies
18.2.2 Studies in Animal Models
18.3 Probiotics and Colon Cancer Treatment
18.3.1 Alteration in the Enzymatic Activity
18.3.2 Immunomodulation by Probiotics
18.3.3 Inducing Apoptosis and Anti-proliferative Mechanism
18.3.4 Carcinogenic Agents in the Colon and Role of Probiotic Against It
18.4 Establishment of In Vitro Model Systems to Evaluate Efficacy of Probiotic Strains
18.5 Probiotics as Adjuvants
18.6 Conclusion
References
Index

2021-06-07