This book is a joint endeavour of the three partner universities to develop a book with in-depth and state-of-art analysis for the academic community of East Asia and the world. Past disasters, like the 2008 Great Sichuan Earthquake in China and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, saw good efforts of East Asian countries in helping each other. Such a trend has been further strengthened in these countries’ recent cooperation and mutual support in their fight against Covid-19 pandemic. While China, Japan, and South Korea are geographically and culturally contiguous and hence may share some characteristics in their risk management principles and practices, there may also be many significant differences due to their different socioeconomic and political systems. The commonalities and variances in East Asia risk management systems are also reflected by their recent responses to the Covid-19 challenges. While all three countries demonstrated overall success in controlling the epidemic, the measures taken by them were different. This research will be of interest to policymakers, scholars and economists.
Erscheinungsdatum: 04.03.2021

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Yijia Jing,Jung-Sun Han,Keiichi Ogawa (eds.)

Jing, Yijia; Han, Jung-Sun; Ogawa, Keiichi

Pagination_Cover

Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd Fka Springer Science + Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd

Springer Nature, Singapore, 2021

Singapore, Singapore

1st ed, S.l, 2021

41, 20210222

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 10.1.16 (Windows)

Contents 5
Notes on Contributors 7
List of Figures 12
List of Tables 14
1 Risk Management in East Asia: An Introduction 16
Risk Management: A Multidimensional Governance Challenge 17
East Asian Risk Management: Systems and Frontiers 19
Risk Management Cooperation in East Asia 22
The Book and Its Road Map 23
References 26
Part I National Risk Management Systems in the Region 27
2 Understanding China’s National Emergency Management System 28
Introduction 28
The History of the NEMS in China 30
The Establishment of the Modern NEMS 30
Trends in the Development of the NEMS in China: Towards All-Hazard, All-Phase, and All-Stakeholder Management 34
All-Hazard Management 34
All-Phase Management 37
All-Stakeholder Management 38
Interactions Between the Government and Society 39
Emergency Communication 39
Disaster Education 40
Remaining Challenges for the NEMS in China 40
Limited Social Participation in Disaster Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness 41
Failure of Initiative and Over-Response 41
Typical Coordination Problems 42
Too Much Accountability and Too Little Learning 44
Conclusion 44
References 46
3 Disaster Risk Management in Japan with Special Reference to “Sendai Framework” 49
Introduction 49
Overview of the Disaster Management System in Japan 50
Evolutionary Development of the System 51
Period 1945–1994 52
The Period 1995–2010 54
After 2011 55
Summary of Disaster Laws in Japan 57
Examining BBB 57
Sendai Framework 58
What Does BBB Mean? 58
Japan’s BBB Initiatives and Their Historical and Institutional Backgrounds 61
Are Japan’s Initiatives Right? 61
Background of the Characteristics of Japan’s Initiatives 63
Historical Aspect 63
Economic Aspect 64
Legal Aspect 67
Conclusion 69
References 70
4 Patterns of Risk Management Policies and Systems in South Korea: Special Reference to Water-Related Disaster Management 73
Introduction 73
Disaster Risk Management 75
Overview of Water-Related Disasters in South Korea 84
Case Studies 88
Institutional Framework Against Water-Related Disasters in South Korea 92
Conclusions 99
References 100
Part II Participatory Risk Management 103
5 The Deliberative Option: The Theoretical Evolution of Citizen Participation in Risk Management and Possibilities for East Asia 104
Introduction 104
Evolution of Theories of Expert and Citizen Decision Making 106
Unitary Expertise: The Rise of Technocracy 107
Distributed Expertise: Wicked Problems Demand Collective Problem Solving 108
Unitary Participation: Expertise Politicized 109
Distributed Participation: Post-Positivism Levels the Playing Field 111
Post-Positivist Practice 115
Polling 115
Focus Groups 116
Public Inquiries 117
Citizens’ Panels 118
Deliberative Polling 118
Consensus Conferences 119
The Nuclear Option 120
Conclusion: A Concern 125
References 126
6 Participation Willingness and Interactive Strategy in Collaborative Risk Governance 129
Introduction 129
Participation Willingness and Interactive Strategy in Collaborative Risk Governance 131
DPPP and Disaster Resilience 136
Participation and Collaboration in DPPP Projects 139
Risk Awareness and Citizens’ Participation in Risk Governance 139
Participation, Multi-level Governance, and Translational Leaders 141
The Community’s Willingness to Participate and the Network Management Strategies 142
Conclusion 144
References 145
Part III Risk Management in a New Era 149
7 Postmodern Risks: The Fourth Industrial Revolution in East Asia 150
Introduction 150
What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? 151
Positive and Negative Impacts of the 4IR on Risk Management 155
Positive Impacts 156
New Risks 158
Case Study—South Korea and New Risks from Emerging Technologies 160
Fake News and the Druking Controversy 161
Digital Addictions 163
Conclusion 167
References 168
8 School Safety Management: International Framework and Japanese Practice 176
Risks and Crisis Management and Safety at School 176
International Framework for School Safety 178
Comprehensive School Safety 178
Comprehensive School Safety in Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction 181
Other International Efforts to Promote Safe Schools 181
The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the Education Sector in Japan 183
Damage and Impact of the 2011 Disaster on the Japanese Education Sector 183
MEXT’s Response to the 2011 Disaster Regarding School Disaster Safety 185
School Safety in Japan 186
School Health and Safety Act 186
Institutional Structures for School Safety 187
Three Areas of School Safety 189
Plans for Promotion of School Safety 189
Lessons Learned from the Okawa Elementary School Incident 190
Okawa Elementary School Incident 191
Twenty-Four Recommendations in the Investigation Report by the OES Incident Investigation Committee 192
Court Decisions in the Okawa Elementary School Case 193
Discussion 198
Conclusions 200
References 201
Part IV International Cooperation in Risk Management 205
9 Aid Policies in Disaster Risk Reduction: Japan and the Development Assistance to Disaster-Prone Developing Countries 206
Introduction 206
Conceptual Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction 207
DRR and International Cooperation: Historical Overview 209
The Yokohama Strategy and the Plan of Action for a Safer World 210
The HFA (2005–2015) 212
The Sendai Framework (2015–2030) 214
Donor Countries’ Commitment to DRR 216
Japan’s Development Cooperation Framework and the Evolution of DRR Policies 217
1992 Japan’s ODA Charter and DRR 218
2003 Revised Japan’s ODA Charter and DRR 219
2015 Japan’s Development Cooperation Charter and DRR 220
Cooperation on Disaster Risk Reduction: Case of Brazil 222
Trilateral Cooperation Among Japan, Korea, and China in DRR 223
Discussion and Conclusion 224
References 225
10 Transboundary Fine Dust and “PM 2.5 Diplomacy” in Northeast Asia: Cooperation and Future Challenges 229
Introduction: Rising “PM 2.5 Diplomacy” In Northeast Asia 229
“Air Governance” and the Politicization of Transboundary Fine Dusts 231
Emerging Multilateral Frameworks and Joint Actions 234
Tripartite Environmental Ministers Meeting (TEMM) 234
Long-Range Transboundary Pollution (LTP) 235
Northeast Asian Sub-Regional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC) 236
Explain China’s “Air Diplomacy”: Why Co-Operate, and Why not? 238
Can “Air Diplomacy” Move Forward? Identifying Issues of Rule-Making and Governance 241
Scientific Data and Standards 242
Overlapping Cooperative Institutions and the Issue of Leadership 243
Bureaucratization and the Absence of Legalized Arrangements 244
Conclusion 245
References 248
Index 253

Risk Management in East Asia presents a path-breaking step toward building a common approach to managing the shared risks that challenge China, Japan, and South Korea. Anchored by education leaders at three universities, the book articulates a view of disaster management as learning to cope with hazards that cross international boundaries. - Louise K. Comfort, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Risk management and regional cooperation tend to be overlooked by national governments. This new book provides practical guide and advice on mitigating risks in a post-modern industrialized world where climate change, industrial revolution, geopolitical forces, and pandemics could further exacerbate the human living environment. Indeed, this is a very timely book. - Xiaoyan Liang, Lead Education Specialist, The World Bank This book is a joint endeavour of the three partner universities of CAMPUS Asia Program (Risk Management Experts in East Asia) to develop a book with in-depth and state-of-art analysis of risk management in East Asia. As a disaster-prone region, East Asia emphasizes building preparedness and resilience for natural disasters and human-induced hazards and emergencies. The experiences of China, Japan, and South Korea in seeking appropriate and robust risk management may shed light on global risk management knowledge and practices. This book will discuss the three systems and frontier issues and will be of interest to policymakers, scholars and the general intellectual community. Yijia Jing is dean of the Institute for Global Public Policy and a professor of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University. Jung-Sun Han is a professor at the Division of International Studies, Korea University. Keiichi Ogawa is a professor at the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University

2021-10-10