A practical massage textbook + DVD for both massage students and established practitioners of remedial massage The content in the comprehensive Textbook of Remedial Massage is drawn from cutting-edge research as well as the authors'lengthy experience in massage education. Covering essential topics, from history-taking to contraindication, Textbook of Remedial Massage is an excellent resource for Diploma of Massage students. Indeed, much of the textbook's content aligns with the HLT07 training package. Client Assessment - The first of Textbook of Remedial Massage's three sections addresses practitioner assessment of remedial massage clients. This includes information on how to adapt massage techniques for clients'individual needs. Massage techniques - The second section provides readers with clear instruction in common remedial massage techniques, such as trigger points, CRAC stretching and myofascial release. Each of these techniques is explained through illustrations and photographs, along with a detailed rationale on its physiological principles and evidence base. Crucially, contraindications and precautions are explained for each massage technique. Body regions - The final section of this excellent health title applies remedial massage techniques to specific body regions, all of which are demonstrated in detail on the accompanying DVD. The authors'evidence-based approach is in keeping with the wider Allied Healthcare community. This approach is a key determinant of Medicare client rebates, as well as rebates from many private health funds, making it an essential aspect of contemporary massage.Detailed assessment technique Evidence-based approach Includes techniques integral to the HLT07 Diploma of massage - all essential skills and knowledge for the competencies of the units in the training package. Anatomy described in functional terms Accompanying DVD with videos of content covered in book. DVD content is divided up into assessment and treatment techniques. An accompanying Evolve site features PowerPoint slides on massage techniques

lgrsnf/64519.pdf

Grace PhD MSc(Chiro) Grad Cert Sports Chiro Cert Clinical Chiro Paediatrics Dip Acup DBM DO DC Dip Ed BA, Sandra, Graves, Jane

Sandra Grace PhD MSc(Chiro) Grad Cert Sports Chiro Cert Clinical Chiro Paediatrics Dip Acup DBM DO D; Jane Graves

Churchill Livingstone Australia

Elsevier Australia

1st ed, Chatswood, N.S.W, ©2012

Australia, Australia

Edinburgh, 2012

1, 2012-06-08

1, PT, 2012

Front cover
Textbook of remedial massage
Copyright page
Table of Contents
Preface
Structure of the book
Acknowledgements
Foreword
Contributors
Reviewers
1 Remedial massage in Australian healthcare
Learning Outcomes
Defining remedial massage
The context of remedial massage: use of complementary and alternative medicine in Australian healthcare
The remedial massage workforce in Australia
Attitudes towards CAM by medical and other healthcare practitioners
Evidence for remedial massage practice
Evidence for the effectiveness of massage therapy
Evidence of benefit
Inconclusive (some promising results)
Inconclusive evidence (further research needed)
Future directions
Appendix 1.1 Massage therapy: systematic reviews
References
2 Assessment procedures for remedial massage:
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Principles of assessment in remedial massage practice
Purpose of assessments
Demonstrating treatment effectiveness
assessment procedures
Client history
Assessing the well client
The nature of pain
Identifying yellow flags
Informed consent
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Identifying anatomical landmarks
Anterior and lateral
Posterior
Performing postural observation
General observations
Method of recording
Common posture observations
Scoliosis
Lumbar hyperlordosis
Decreased lumbar curvature
Increased thoracic kyphosis
Decreased thoracic kyphosis
Increased cervicothoracic curvature
Sway back
Gait analysis
Stance phase
Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance
Push-off
Swing phase
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
Gait assessment: the procedure
1. General observations
2. Identify the phase of gait that is disrupted and the parts affected
Stance phase
Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance
Push off
Swing phase
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
Functional tests
Active range of motion (AROM) tests
Locating the region
Safe practice
Passive and resisted tests: Determining tissue types
Passive range of motion tests (PROM)
Resisted range of motion tests (RROM)
Tests for specific muscles
Resisted tests for specific muscles
Muscle length tests
Positioning the client
Stabilisation of proximal bony segment of the associated joint
Note the end-feel
Special (orthopaedic) tests
Palpation
Legal and ethical requirements for remedial massage assessment
Key messages
Appendix 2.1 Skin cancer
References
Useful Websites
3 Planning remedial massage therapy
Learning Outcomes
Principles of treatment
Prioritising client safety
Swedish massage before remedial massage
Active movements before passive
Treating within pain tolerance
Overview of a remedial massage treatment approach
Short- and long-term treatment plans
Client education and self-help
Clients’ preferences
Treatment protocols
Aligning treatment to assessment findings
Tissue type
Stage of inflammation
Acute injury management
Cryotherapy
Contraindications and precautions
Methods of application
Ice packs
Ice massage
Subacute injury management
Chronic injury management
Thermotherapy
Contraindications and precautions
Methods of application
Precautions associated with the use of heat creams
Considerations for applications of heat creams
Severity of injury
Monitoring and reviewing treatment plans
Recording remedial massage treatments
Key messages
References
4 Remedial massage techniques for muscles
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Assessing muscle function
Functional deficit demonstration
Postural assessment
Testing muscles for length
Testing Muscles for strength
Palpation
Remedial massage techniques
Deep gliding (with-fibre) frictions and cross-fibre frictions
Evidence for the effectiveness of DG and XFF
Contraindications
Deep transverse friction (DTF)
Evidence for the effectiveness of DTF
Contraindications
Soft tissue release (STR)
Evidence for the effectiveness of STR
Contraindications
Key messages
References
5 Muscle stretching
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Tissue range of motion
Muscle functions
Produce movement
Maintaining posture and position
Stabilising joints
Generating and maintaining body heat
Guard orifices
Support and protect soft tissues
Types of muscle contractions
Isotonic contractions
Isometric contractions
Physical characteristics and neurological reflexes associated with stretching
Active and passive insufficiency
Neurological events that mediate stretching
Myotatic reflex (stretch reflex)
Deep tendon reflex
Types of muscle stretching
1. Passive stretch
2. Active, active-assisted stretch
3. Muscle energy technique5
4. Active isolated stretch6
5. Ballistic stretch
6. Dynamic stretch
7. Static stretch
8. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Stretching treatment goals
Assessing clients’ suitability
History
Postural analysis
Gait Analysis
Functional tests
Palpation
Evidence for effectiveness
Contraindications and precautions
Applying muscle stretching in remedial massage
Adapting stretches for individual clients
Therapist’s position
Recommendations
Guidelines for active stretching:
Muscle stretching in practice
Scalene group
Upper trapezius
Pectoral muscles
Levator scapulae
Wrist flexors/extensors
Piriformis
Psoas
Quadriceps
Hip flexor stretch (rectus femoris and iliopsoas)
Hip flexors, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis and vastus medialis
Hamstrings
Adductors
Gastrocnemius
Quadratus lumborum
Latissimus dorsi
References
6 Myofascial trigger points
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
What is a trigger point?
Locating trigger points
Classifying trigger points
Active and latent trigger points
Satellite and secondary trigger points
Key trigger points
What causes trigger points?
Identifying trigger points
Characteristics of trigger points
Symptoms
Signs
Treating trigger points
Manual techniques
Save your body
Evidence-base of treatments for trigger points
Contraindications and precautions
Key messages
Appendix 6.1 Some key trigger points
References
7 Joint articulation
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
What is joint articulation?
Evidence for the effectiveness of joint articulation and mobilisation
Assessing clients for treatment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Hard end-feel
Soft end-feel
Leathery end-feel
Treating clients
Guidelines16, 17
techniques
1. Cervical spine
Cervical lateral flexion
Cervical rotation
Cervical extension
Cervical horizontal traction
Cervical stair-step manoeuvre
Cervical facet articulation
i. Rotation
ii. Lateral flexion
2. Thoracic spine and rib cage
Thoracic longitudinal mobilisation
Thoracic diagonal mobilisation
Thoracic rocking
Arm overhead rib mobilisation
Rib rotation
3. Lumbar spine and pelvis
Lumbar longitudinal mobilisation
Lumbar rotational mobilisation
SI joint mobilisation
4. Shoulder joint
Shoulder rotation
Shoulder tractions
Shoulder progressive cylindrical articulation
Shoulder progressive humeral external rotation
Shoulder progressive humeral internal rotation
Shoulder figure-8
5. Elbow joint
Elbow articulation
Elbow joint capsule stretch
6. Wrist and hand
Wrist pronated longitudinal thenar kneading
Wrist pronated traction and circumduction
Wrist semi-supinated traction and circumduction
Wrist overhead traction and circumduction
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal mobilisation
Metacarpal shearing
7. Hip joint
Hip rotation
Hip figure-8
Hip traction
Hip rotation sidelying
8. Knee joint
Knee articulation (inferior approach)
Knee articulation (lateral approach)
9. Ankle and foot
Ankle prone circumduction
Calcaneus prone articulation
Tarsals prone plantarflexion
Ankle traction
Metatarsal shearing
Phalanges mobilisation
Contraindications
Key messages
References
8 Myofascial release
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy review
What is myofascial release?
Assessing clients
History
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Palpation
Treating clients
Evidence for the effectiveness of fascial releasing techniques
Applying the techniques
MFR techniques
1. Deep techniques
Technique
2. Gentle techniques
Techniques
1. Cross-hand technique
2. Traction techniques
3. Transverse holds
C7–T1 Thoracic inlet/anterior chest wall
T12–L1 Respiratory diaphragm release
L5–S1 Pelvic diaphragm release
4. Cranial base release
Integrating myofascial releasing techniques with remedial massage
Contraindications and precautions
Key messages
References
9 Lymphatic drainage massage
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Evidence for the effectiveness of lymphatic drainage massage
Functional anatomy review7
Function of the lymphatic system
Oedema
Lymphoedema
Primary lymphoedema
Secondary lymphoedema
Stages of lymphoedema
Latency stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Assessing clients
History
Red flag conditions for oedema19
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Palpation18
Differential diagnosis
Treating clients
Basic principles
Length of treatment
Explanation of treatment
Pressure
Strokes
1. Stationary circles
2. Pump Technique
3. Scoop technique
4. Rotary technique
Summary
Regional lymphatic drainage massage
The head and neck
The upper torso
The lower torso
The thorax
Contraindications and precautions
Absolute contraindications
Relative contraindications
Local contraindications
Neck
Abdomen
References
10 The low back and pelvis
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy review
Assessment of the lumbar and sacroiliac region
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural ANALYSIS
Gait assessment
Functional tests
Active range of motion (AROM)
Flexion (60°)d
Extension (25°)
Lateral flexion (sidebend) (25°)
Rotation (30°)
Passive range of motion (PROM)
Resisted range of motion (RROM)
Tests for specific muscles associated with low back conditions15, 16
1. Piriformis
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
2. Iliopsoas
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
3. Quadratus lumborum
Strength test
Length test
Clinical significance
4. Erector spinae
Strength test
Length test
Clinical significance
5. Gluteus maximus
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
6. Hamstrings
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
7. Quadriceps
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
8. Abdominal Muscles
8. Rectus abdominis
Strength test
Internal and external obliques
Strength test
Transversus abdominis
Length test
Clinical significance
Pelvic floor muscles
Special tests
Kemp’s quadrant test
Valsalva
Straight Leg Raise (SLR)
Centralisation/peripheralisation
Patrick’s test
Sacroiliac compression
Sacroiliac distraction
Sacral spring test
Leg length
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Muscle strain
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Gait analysis
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment of muscle strains
Client education
Home exercise program
Non-specific low back pain
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Degenerative joint disease (Osteoarthritis/Degenerative arthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Lower crossed syndrome
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Lumbar disc syndrome
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Gait analysis
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Spondylolisthesis
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Sacroiliac syndrome
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Prone sacroiliac joint mobilisations
Supine pelvic rocking
Lymphatic pump
Client education
Key messages
Appendix 10.1 McKenzie self-treatments for sciatica31
References
11 The thoracic region
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy review
Typical vertebrae – T2–T8
Special features of T1 and T9–12
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Gait analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion (AROM)
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion (sidebend)
Rotation
Passive range of motion (PROM)
Resisted range of motion (RROM)
Resisted and length tests for specific muscles
Erector Spinae
Strength test
Length test
Clinical significance
Latissimus Dorsi
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
Rhomboid major and minor
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
Middle and lower trapezius
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
Serratus Anterior
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
Special tests
Adam’s test
Deep breathing
Elevated arm stress test (Roo’s test)
Springing
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Muscle strain
Assessment
History
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management of muscle strain
Client education
Home exercise program
Thoracic facet syndrome
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Erector spinae strengthening exercises
Degenerative joint disease (Osteoarthritis/Degenerative arthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Hyperkyphosis of the upper thoracic spine (dowager’s hump)
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Scheuermann’s disease (Vertebral epiphysitis)
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Osteoporosis
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment of a client with a history of osteoporosis
Client education
Home exercise program
Scoliosis
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Scoliosis technique:
i) C-shaped curve
ii) S-shaped curve
Client education
Home exercise program
Thoracic outlet syndrome (Anterior scalene syndrome)
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Key messages
References
12 The cervical region
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy review
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Functional tests
a) Active range of motion
Flexion (50°)8
Extension (60°)
Lateral flexion (sidebend) (45°)
Rotation (80°)
b) Passive range of motion
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
c) Resisted range of motion
d) Tests for specific muscles associated with neck conditions
1. Upper trapezius
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
2. Sternocleidomastoid
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
3. Levator scapulae
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
4. Suboccipital muscles
5. Posterior cervical muscles
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
6. Scalene group
Resisted test
Length test
e) Special tests
Cervical compression
Cervical distraction
Valsalva
NEXUS Low-Risk Criteria
Palpation
Prone
Supine
Remedial massage treatment
Muscle strain
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment of muscle strains
Client education
Home exercise program
Non-specific neck pain (including cervical sprain, strain and vertebral subluxation)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Mutifidus release
Client education
Home exercise program
Degenerative joint disease (Osteoarthritis/Degenerative arthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Upper crossed syndrome
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Mechanical/acquired torticollis
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Cervical disc syndrome
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Whiplash (acceleration/deceleration) associated disorders
Treatments recommended
Treatments not routinely recommended because of insufficient evidence or lack of evidence
Treatments not recommended
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Postural ANALYSIS
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercise program
Key messages
References
13 The head and face
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Headache
Assessment of the headache client
Case history
Types of headache
Primary headache
1. Migraine
Migraine without aura
Migraine with aura
2. Tension-type headache
3. Cluster headaches
Secondary headache
1. Headache attributable to head and/or neck trauma
2. Headache attributable to a substance or its withdrawal
3. Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cranial structures
Cervicogenic headache
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Cervical spine
a) Active range of motion
Flexion (50°)16
Extension (60°)
Lateral flexion (sidebend) (45°)
Rotation (80°)
b) Passive range of motion (see Chapter 12)
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
c) Resisted range of motion
Tests for specific muscles associated with neck conditions
d) Special tests
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment for headache
Treatment protocols in remedial massage practice
Aromatherapy
Acupressure
Reflexology
The headache technique (derived from Bowen)
Client education
Home exercises
Sinusitis
Assessment of the client with sinus pain
Case history
Observation
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment for sinusitis
Lymphatic drainage of the neck and head
1. Lymphatic pump over the sternum
2. Lymphatic drainage of the head and neck
3. Lymphatic drainage of the face
4. Repeat the lymphatic pump described in 1.
Opening the frontal and maxillary sinuses
Aromatherapy
Acupressure
Reflexology
Client education
Home exercises
Temporomandibular joint disorders
Disorders of the temporomandibular joint
Assessment of the client with TMJ disorder
Case history
Observation
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion tests of the cervical spine (Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation)
Active range of motion of the TMJ
Resisted range of motion of the TMJ
Palpation
Remedial massage treatments for TMJ disorders
Client education
Home exercise program
Key messages
Headache
Sinusitis
Temporomandibular joint
Appendix 13.1 MIDAS (The Migraine Disability Assessment Test)
References
14 The chest
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy review
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis7
Functional tests
Thoracic spine
Active range of motion (arom)
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion (sidebend)
Rotation
Passive range of motion (prom)
Resisted range of motion (rrom)
Resisted and length test for specific muscles9, 10
1. Pectoralis major
Resisted test: Pectoralis major upper fibres (clavicular part)
Resisted test: Pectoralis major lower fibres (sternal part)
Length test
Clinical significance
2. Pectoralis minor
Resisted test
Length test
Clinical significance
Special tests
Deep breathing
Palpation
Respiratory excursion
Remedial massage treatment
Muscle strain
Assessment
History
Postural ANALYSIS
Functional tests
Thoracic spine
Palpation
Treatment
Client education
Home exercise program
Rib subluxation/fracture
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Thoracic spine
Palpation
Differential diagnosis
Costochondritis
Sternocostal joint sprain
Overview of treatment and management of rib subluxation
Client education
Home exercise program
Respiratory conditions
Overview of treatment and management of respiratory conditions
Client education
Relaxed deep breathing
Prolonged breathing out
Key messages
References
15 The shoulder region
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion of the cervical spine (flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation)
Active range of motion of the glenohumeral joint
Passive range of motion
Resisted range of motion
Resisted tests and length tests for specific muscles11, 12
1. Deltoid muscle
Middle deltoid
Resisted test
Anterior deltoid
Resisted test
Posterior deltoid
Resisted test
Length test
2. Supraspinatus
Resisted test
Length test
3. Infraspinatus/teres minor
Resisted test
Length test
4. Teres major
Resisted test
Length test
5. Subscapularis
Resisted test
Length test
6. Biceps brachii
Resisted test
Length test
7. Coracobrachialis
Resisted test
Length test
8. Triceps brachii
Resisted test
Length test
Special tests
Apley’s scratch test
Drop arm test
Impingement test
Apprehension test
Yergason’s test
Empty can test
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Overview
Muscle strain
Rotator cuff tendinosis
Biceps brachii tendinosis10
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment of muscle strains
Client education
Home exercise program
Shoulder impingement syndrome
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Degenerative joint disease (degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Treatment of DJD of the glenohumeral joint
Client education
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Treatment
Client education
Acromioclavicular sprains, clavicle fractures and glenohumeral dislocations
AC sprains (shoulder separation)
Grades of AC sprains
Clavicle fractures
Glenohumeral dislocations
Treatment
Client education
Key messages
Appendix 15.1 Shoulder pain and disability indexa
Scoring instructions
Interpretation of scores
Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI)
Pain scale
How severe is your pain?
Disability scale
How much difficulty do you have?
References
References
16 The elbow region
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Assessing the elbow and forearm
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion of the cervical spine (flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation)
Active range of motion (AROM) of the glenohumeral joint (flexion, extension, abduction, horizontal adduction, external and internal rotation)
Active range of motion of the elbow joint
Passive range of motion (PROM)
Resisted range of motion (RROM)
Resisted tests and length tests for specific muscles7, 8
1. Brachialis
Resisted test
Length test
2. Brachioradialis
Resisted test
Length test
3. Pronator teres
Resisted test
Length test
4. Pronator quadratus
Resisted test
Length test
5. Supinator
Resisted test
Length test
6. Wrist extensor muscles
7. Wrist flexor muscles
Special tests
Valgus stress Test
Varus stress Test
Elbow extension test
Resisted wrist flexion/extension
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Overview
Muscle strain
Extensor tendinitis/tendinosis (tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Elbow tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Flexor tendinosis (golfer’s elbow, medial epicondylitis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Elbow tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercises
Olecranon bursitis
Treatment
Elbow sprain
Fractures and dislocations
Key messages
References
17 The wrist and hand
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Observation of the wrist and hand
Functional tests
Active range of motion of the cervical spine (flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation)
Active range of motion of the glenohumeral joint (flexion, extension, abduction, horizontal adduction, external and internal rotation)
Active range of motion of the elbow joint (flexion, extension, pronation and supination)
Active range of motion of the wrist and fingers10
Passive range of motion of the wrist and hand
Capsular patterns
Resisted range of motion
Resisted tests and length tests for specific muscles11, 12
1. Flexor carpi radialis
Resisted test
Length test
2. Flexor carpi ulnaris
Resisted test
Length test
3. Palmaris longus and brevis
Resisted test
Length test
4. Flexor digitorum profundus
Resisted test
Length test
5. Flexor digitorum superficialis
Resisted test
Length test
6. Flexor pollicis longus
Resisted test
Length test
7. Flexor pollicis brevis
Length test
8. Abductor pollicis longus
Length test
9. Abductor pollicis brevis
Resisted test
Length test
10. Adductor pollicis
Resisted test
Length test
11. Opponens pollicis/opponens digiti minimi
Resisted test
Length test
12. Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Length test
13. Extensor carpi ulnaris
Length test
14. Extensor digitorum
Resisted test
Length test
15. Extensor pollicis longus
Resisted test
Length test
16. Extensor pollicis brevis
Length test
Special tests
Phalen’s test
Tinel’s sign
Finkelstein’s test
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Overview
Tendinitis and tenosynovitis
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Wrist tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Wrist and hand tests:
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercises
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Wrist and hand tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercises
Sprains
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercises
Sprained thumb
Sprained finger
Treatment
Mallet finger
Treatment
Fractures and dislocations
Degenerative joint disease and rheumatoid arthritis
Key messages
References
18 The hip region
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Gait analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion (AROM) of the lumbar spine (flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation)
Active range of motion (AROM) of the hip joint
Passive range of motion (PROM)
Resisted range of motion (RROM)
Resisted tests and length tests for specific muscles7, 8
1. Rectus femoris
Resisted test
Length test
2. Sartorius
Resisted test
Length test
3. Gluteus medius
Resisted test
Length test
4. Gluteus minimus
Resisted test
Length test
5. Tensor fasciae latae
Resisted test
Length test
6. Hip adductors
Resisted test
Length test
7. Hip lateral rotators
Resisted test
Length test
Special tests
Patrick’s/Fabere test
Thomas test
Trendelenburg test
Ober’s test
Modified Ober’s test
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Overview
Muscle strain
Groin (adductor) strain
Hamstring strain
Quadriceps strain
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Hip tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management of muscle strains
Client education
Home exercise program
Quadriceps contusion
Treatment
Degenerative joint disease (degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Hip tests
Palpation
Treatment of degenerative joint disease of the acetabulofemoral joint
Client education
Trochanteric bursitis
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Hip tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Key messages
References
19 The knee
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Extra-capsular ligaments
Intra-capsular ligaments
Muscles
Assessment
Case history
Outcome measures
Postural analysis
Gait analysis
Functional tests
Active range of motion (AROM) of the lumbar spine (flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation)
AROM of the hip joint
AROM of the knee
Passive range of motion (PROM)
Resisted range of motion (RROM)
Resisted tests and length tests for specific muscles11, 12
1. Hamstrings
Resisted tests
Lateral hamstrings (biceps femoris)
Medial hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Length test
2. Quadriceps
Resisted test
Length test
3. Sartorius
Resisted test
Length test
4. Popliteus
Resisted test
Test for contracture
Special tests
Patella
Patellofemoral grind test
Patella apprehension test
Ligaments
Valgus/varus stress tests
Anterior/posterior draw test
Meniscus
Apley’s compression test
Palpation
Remedial massage treatment
Overview
Muscle strain
Quadriceps tendinitis at the knee
Hamstring tendinitis at the knee
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment for muscle strains
Client education
Iliotibial band syndrome
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment for iliotibial band syndrome
Client education
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Palpation
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Chondromalacia patella
Treatment
Patella dislocation
Treatment
Ligament sprain
Medial collateral ligament sprain
Anterior cruciate ligament sprain
Posterior cruciate ligament sprain
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
First weeks post injury
Second week post injury
Third week post injury
Four weeks post injury
Meniscal injury
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Overview of treatment and management
Client education
Home exercises
Degenerative joint disease (degenerative arthritis, osteoarthritis)
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Palpation
Treatment of DJD of the knee joint
Client education
Bursitis
Prepatellar bursitis
Treatment
Osgood-Schlatter’s disease
Assessment
History
Functional tests
Knee tests
Palpation
Treatment
Key messages
References
20 The leg, ankle and foot
Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Deep venous thrombosis
Functional anatomy
Nerve supply to muscles of the leg, ank

2025-01-04