This book explores the legend of Adam’s Contract with Satan that was made after the expulsion from the Garden of Eden.This legend was current in the Eastern Orthodox churches of SE Europe as well as in the Caucasus. Unknown forms of the legend have been found in two traditions, the Romanian and the Armenian, and are investigated here. Notably this legend has found its way into folk stories and sometimes into folk music, showing how widely it was accepted and distributed. This legend also inspired images in both traditions. In Romania the most striking illustrations are to be found in Bukovina province, in frescos on the famous painted churches of that region, as well as in manuscripts. In Armenia features of this story are incorporated into the iconography of the Baptism of Christ in the River Jordan.

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Table of Contents 6
List of Illustrations and Maps 10
Series Preface 12
Preface 14
Abbreviations and Critical Signs 16
Introduction 18
The Legend of the Cheirograph of Adam and the Aims of the Present Research 18
The Legend of the Cheirograph, a Piece of the Secondary Adam Literature and Its Relationship to the Bible 19
The Variation of an Apocryphal Story in Texts and Images 22
The Cheirograph Legend, its Transmission and Implications 24
The Written and Oral Literary Carriers 32
Visual Supports 33
Music 33
Inherent Limitations of Our Analysis 34
Final Musings on the Armenian Sources 34
Appendix: The Legend of the Cheirograph of Adam 35
Part 1: New Armenian Evidence for the Cheirograph Legend 36
Armenian Folk Tales 38
A Literary Text 48
A Proposed New Piece of Armenian Iconographic Evidence 56
New Armenian Evidence from Literary Texts 62
The Legend of the Cheirograph and Darkness: Ancient Armenian References 62
Step‘anos Siwnec‘i (eighth century) 63
Yovhannēs Chorepiskopos (late seventh – eighth century) 64
T‘ēop‘ilos (ninth century) 64
Prayer for Epiphany ascribed to Basil of Caesarea (tenth or ninth century or earlier) 65
The Epitome of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (before 981) 67
Artawazd Mzazuni (tenth century) 67
Anania Narekac‘i in Explanation of the Diophysite Dispute (tenth century) 68
Grigor Magistros (eleventh century) 68
Twelfth-century authors 69
Part 2: New Romanian Evidence for the Cheirograph Legend 72
The Legend of the Cheirograph in the Romanian Literary Tradition 74
The Life of Adam and Eve 74
The Romanian Plaint of Adam 79
The Plaint of Adam: an Authoritative Romanian Literary Piece about Adam and Eve 80
The Legend of the Cheirograph in the Romanian PA 82
A Significant Absence: The Plaint without the Legend of the Cheirograph 82
A Literary Piece with an Additive Structure: PA with the Legend of the Cheirograph 82
The Variation of the Legend of the Cheirograph in PA 85
Version A 85
Version B 91
Version C 95
Version D 97
The Use of PA Containing the Legend of the Cheirograph of Adam 98
The Legend of the Cheirograph in Traditional Romanian Beliefs 102
The Legend of the Cheirograph in Folk Poetry 106
Conclusions 108
Iconography 112
Adam signing the Cheirograph 112
A Rare Iconographic Pattern and its Apocryphal Source 112
An Apocryphal Depiction for Princes and Archbishops 116
The Life of Adam and Eve in the Genesis cycles 118
The Genesis Cycles and their Iconographic Context 121
The Baptism with Christ Standing on a Stone Holding a Scroll in His Left Hand upon Which is Written (in Slavonic) ‘Cheirograph of Adam’ 122
Sucevița: The Cheirograph Written and Torn 123
Vatra Moldoviţei: The Cheirograph Written and Torn 126
Dragomirna: The Prominence of an Apocryphal Theme 127
Christ on a Rock in the Baptism with or without Serpents 133
Wallachia, then Moldova 135
Illuminations in Deluxe Manuscripts from Wallachia and Moldova 138
Christ Tearing the Cheirograph 138
The right moment to tear the Cheirograph 139
Whose Cheirograph? 142
Conclusions 143
Between Literary and Iconographic Tradition 148
Epilogue 150
Bibliography 152
Index of Ancient and Medieval Sources 170
Index of Manuscripts 174
General Index of Subjects and Proper Names 176

2023-06-22