Due to the fact that Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease is usually a chronic condition, this book aims to provide physicians with the necessary tools for the long-term management of patients with RLS. The first part of the book addresses the various comorbidities and long-term consequences of RLS on life quality, sleep, cognitive, psychiatric and cardiovascular systems, while the second part focuses on the management of long-term treatment and the drug-induced complications in primary RLS and in special populations. Written by experts in the field, this practical resource offers a high-quality, long-term management of RLS for neurologists, sleep clinicians, pulmonologists and other healthcare professionals.
Erscheinungsdatum: 09.05.2017

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Restless Legs Syndrome Willis Ekbom Disease Long-Term Consequences and Management

272893_Print.indd

Mauro Manconi; Diego García-Borreguero Díaz-Varela

Manconi, Mauro; García-Borreguero, Diego

Mauro Manconi, Diego Garcia-Borreguero

Adam Ross Solomon

0009172

Springer New York : Imprint: Springer

Springer Nature

Springer US

United States, United States of America

1st ed. 2017, PS, 2017

2, 20170507

sm64629551

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows)

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Foreword 7
Preface 9
Contents 11
Contributors 13
1 RLS/WED: Criteria, Prevalence, and Differential Diagnosis 15
Diagnostic Criteria: Historical Aspects 15
2012 IRLSSG Consensus Diagnostic Criteria 18
International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (Icsd-3) Diagnostic Criteria for Rls/Wed 23
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (Dsm-5) Diagnostic Criteria for Rls/Wed 24
Differential Diagnosis 25
Prevalence of Occurrence 27
References 28
Long Term Health Consequences of Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease 33
2 Mental Health Disorders Associated with RLS 34
Epidemiology of RLS and Mental Health 35
Depression and Anxiety in RLS Patients 35
RLS in Mental Health Cohorts 37
Explaining the Comorbidity Between RLS and Mental Illness 38
Depression and Anxiety 38
RLS and Neurocognitive Impairment 39
RLS and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 40
RLS and Personality 40
Psychotropics and RLS 41
Serotonergic Antidepressants and RLS 41
Other Antidepressants 42
Sedative-Hypnotics 43
Neuroleptic Agents 43
Mood Stabilizers 45
Psychiatric Considerations of RLS Treatment 45
Treatment Implications 46
Conclusions 48
References 48
3 Sleep Impact: Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Sleep Attacks, and Circadian Disorders 57
Insomnia 59
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 61
Sleep Attacks 64
Circadian Disorders 65
Conclusions 66
References 66
4 Cognitive Functioning 70
Treatment and Cognitive Function in RLS 70
Effects of Acute Treatment on Cognitive Function in Subjects with RLS 74
Prolonged Treatment and Cognitive Function in RLS 75
Pramipexole 76
Gabapentin Enarcabil 77
Summary, Discussion and Outlook 78
References 80
5 Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression Symptom Measures for the Assessment of Treatment in Restless Legs Syndrome/ Willis–Ekbom Disease 84
Generic Instruments Used in RLS/WED 86
Disease-Specific Questionnaires Used in RLS/WED 86
RLS and Depression 87
References 87
6 Epidemiologic Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease 90
RLS and Cardiovascular Diseases 90
RLS and Cardiovascular Risk Factors 90
Obesity 90
Hypertension 91
Hyperlipidemia 92
Epidemiologic Studies of RLS and CVD Risk 93
Cross-sectional Studies 93
Prospective Studies 93
Potential Biological Mechanisms 95
Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep 95
PLMS Prevalence and Comorbidities 96
PLMS and Hypertension 96
PLMS in Chronic Disease 97
PLMS and Cardiovascular Disease 97
References 100
7 Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Changes Associated with Periodic Limb Movements 103
HR and BP Correlate of LMS in Controls and Patients 103
Heart Rate and PLMS 103
Blood Pressure and PLMS 104
Effects of the Interaction Between PLMS and Apnea on HR and BP 105
Searching for the Effects of PLMS-Related Rises in HR and BP 105
Systemic Hypertension and PLMS 106
Heart Disease and PLMS 106
Stroke and PLMS 107
Challenging the Cause/Effect Relationship Between PLMS and EEG or Autonomic Activations 107
References 108
8 Willis–Ekbom Disease, Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep, and Cardiovascular Disease: Putative Mechanisms and Implications for Long-Term Treatment 111
Mechanisms by Which WED and/or PLMS Could Cause Cardiovascular Disease 111
Mechanisms by Which Shared Pathophysiology or Risk Factors Could Lead to Both WED/PLMS and Cardiovascular Disease 116
Features Involved in Pathogenesis of WED/PLMS and Their Potential Role in Causing CVD 116
Known Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease that May Cause or Exacerbate WED Symptoms 117
Known Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease that Are Associated with WED 118
Arguments Against Common Risk Factors Explaining the Association Between WED/PLMS and CVD 119
Mechanisms by Which Cardiovascular Disease Could Cause WED or PLMS 119
Potential Role of Treatment of WED/PLMS in the Primary or Secondary Prevention of CVD 120
References 121
9 Peripheral Muscle Changes 129
Muscle Biology 130
Muscle Capillarization 130
Angiogenesis 130
Local Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle 131
RLS Patients 132
References 133
10 Outcome and Mortality in Renal Failure Related RLS 136
RLS and Chronic Kidney Disease 136
RLS and Outcome 138
Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Risk 139
RLS and Mortality 140
RLS and Quality of Life 141
Conclusion 143
References 144
Suggested Reading 147
Long Term Management of Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease 148
11 Long-Term Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment 149
General Considerations 149
Dopaminergic Agents 151
Dopamine Agonists 151
Pramipexole 151
Ropinirole 156
Rotigotine 156
Levodopa 157
Alpha-2 Δ Ligands 157
Gabapentin Enacarbil 157
Pregabalin 157
Opioids 158
Methadone 158
Other Drugs 158
Iron Sucrose 158
Other Drugs 159
Concluding Remarks 159
References 159
12 Augmentation: Criteria, Prevalence, and Differential Diagnosis 163
Introduction 163
Clinical Definition 164
Incidence of Augmentation Under Dopaminergic Agents 165
Differential Diagnosis of Augmentation 171
Conclusion 173
References 173
13 Treatment Options When Short-Acting Dopamine Agonists Fail or Cause Augmentation: Switching or Adding Medications 176
Inadequate Initial Response Despite Adequate Doses of Short-Acting DAs 177
Response That Has Become Inadequate with Time 178
Disease Progression 178
Triggers 179
Tolerance 180
Intolerable Side Effects 181
Early Treatment Adverse Reactions 181
Late Treatment Adverse Reactions 181
Augmentation 182
Treatment of Augmentation from Short-Acting Dopamine Agonists 184
Prevention 184
Management of Augmentation 185
Management of RLS that Is Not Clinically Significant 186
Any One of More of a–e Below 186
Options for Changing Current Short-Acting DA Therapy 186
Changing to Another Short-Acting DA 186
Reducing the Dose of the Short-Acting DA 187
Elimination of the Short-Acting DA 187
Replacement with a Long-Acting DA 187
Rotation Therapy/Drug Holidays 188
Management of Clinically Significant Augmentation 188
Mild Augmentation 188
Severe Augmentation 189
References 191
14 Management of Augmentation 195
When to Treat Augmentation? 196
References 198
15 Managing Concurrent Medications 199
Antihistamines 200
Frequently Mentioned Antihistamines (H1 Antagonists) 200
Second Generation H1 Antagonists 202
Over-the-Counter Cold Medications 202
Compounds Used During Surgery: Antiemetics and Analgesics 203
Anticonvulsants and CNS Depressants 204
Antidepressants 205
Monoamine Oxydase Inhibitors 207
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 207
Atypical Antidepressants 209
Antipsychotics 210
Typical Antipsychotics 210
Atypical Antipsychotics 211
Hormones 212
Cardiovascular Preparations 212
Calcium Channel Blockers such as Diltiazem 212
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors such as Captopril and Enalapril 213
Summary 213
References 215
16 Impulsive Behaviors: Definition, Prevalence, Neurobiology, and Management 221
Definition: Impulse Control Disorder 222
Frequency of ICD Behaviors 223
Pathophysiology 224
Specific ICD Behaviors and Assessment Tools and Strategies 227
Pathologic Gambling 227
Compulsive Eating 227
Compulsive Shopping 228
Hypersexuality 228
Punding 229
Compulsive Medication Use 229
Other Behaviors 229
Global Assessment of Suspected ICD: A Systematic Approach 230
Management 230
Conclusion 231
Acknowledgements 231
References 231
17 Impulse Control Behavior in Movement Disorders: Focus on Restless Leg Syndrome 234
Impulse Control Disorders 235
Definition and Classification 235
Neuropathological Basis of Impulse Control Disorders 236
Epidemiology of Impulse Control Disorders and Dopamine Agonist Medication Effect 238
Risk Factors 241
Genetics of Impulse Control Disorders 241
Treatment 243
Conclusions 244
Acknowledgments 244
References 244
18 Management of RLS During Pregnancy 250
Historical Background 250
Epidemiology 251
Course and Prognosis 253
Pathogenetic Hypotheses 253
Consequences 254
Management of RLS During Pregnancy 255
Non-pharmacological Management During Pregnancy 256
Iron Supplementation 256
Pharmacological Management During Pregnancy and Lactation 257
Dopamine-Agonists 258
Alpha-2-Delta Ligands 259
Benzodiazepines 259
Opioids 260
References 260
19 Management of RLS in Children (Unique Features) 265
Symptoms, Pathophysiology, and Diagnostic Criteria for RLS 266
RLS and ADHD 270
RLS and PLMS 271
Treatment 272
Non-pharmacologic Interventions 272
Iron Hypothesis 273
Pharmacologic Treatment 274
Dopaminergic Agents 275
Gabapentin 276
Benzodiazepines 276
Clonidine 277
Conclusions 277
References 278

Front Matter....Pages i-xiv
RLS/WED: Criteria, Differential Diagnosis and Prevalence of Occurrence....Pages 1-18
Front Matter....Pages 19-19
Mental Health Disorders Associated with RLS....Pages 21-43
Sleep Impact: Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Sleep Attacks, and Circadian Disorders....Pages 45-57
Cognitive Functioning....Pages 59-72
Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression Symptom Measures for the Assessment of Treatment in Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis–Ekbom Disease....Pages 73-78
Epidemiologic Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease....Pages 79-91
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Changes Associated with Periodic Limb Movements....Pages 93-100
Willis–Ekbom Disease, Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep, and Cardiovascular Disease: Putative Mechanisms and Implications for Long-Term Treatment....Pages 101-118
Peripheral Muscle Changes....Pages 119-125
Outcome and Mortality in Renal Failure Related RLS....Pages 127-138
Front Matter....Pages 139-139
Long-Term Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment....Pages 141-154
Augmentation: Criteria, Prevalence, and Differential Diagnosis....Pages 155-167
Treatment Options When Short-Acting Dopamine Agonists Fail or Cause Augmentation: Switching or Adding Medications....Pages 169-187
Management of Augmentation....Pages 189-192
Managing Concurrent Medications....Pages 193-214
Impulsive Behaviors: Definition, Prevalence, Neurobiology, and Management....Pages 215-227
Impulse Control Behavior in Movement Disorders: Focus on Restless Leg Syndrome....Pages 229-244
Management of RLS During Pregnancy....Pages 245-259
Management of RLS in Children (Unique Features)....Pages 261-278
Back Matter....Pages 279-287

2017-06-25