A celebration of achievement, accomplishments, and pride! The first African American president, U.S. senator, and the first black lawyer in the Department of Education. The first black chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff and the first African American commissioned officer in the Marine Corps. The first black professors in a variety of fields. The first African American advertising agency. The first African American Olympian. The first black pilot for a scheduled commercial airline. The first recorded slave revolt in North America. The first African American cookbook writer. Revel and rejoice in the renowned and lesser-known, barrier-breaking trailblazers in all fields--arts, entertainment, business, civil rights, education, government, invention, journalism, religion, science, sports, music, and more. Black Firsts: 500 Years of Trailblazing Achievements and Ground-Breaking Events, Fourth Edition bears witness to the long and complex history of African Americans! Expanded, updated, and revised for the first time in over eight years, Black Firsts collects more than 500 all-new achievements and previously unearthed firsts. This massive tome proves that African American accomplishments are wide-ranging and ongoing, documenting thousands of personal victories and triumphs

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Black Firsts, 4E: 500 Years of Trailblazing Achievements and Ground-Breaking Events

Smith Ph.D., Jessie Carney

United States, United States of America

2021, 4th edition, Canton, MI, ©2021

Fourth edition, Canton, MI, 2021

4, 2021-01-01

4, PS, 2021

lg2932718

producers:
QuarkXPress(R) 15.12

{"edition":"4","isbns":["1578596882","9781578596881"]}

Cover 1
Half Title 2
About the Author 4
Title Page 6
Copyright 7
Contents 8
Photo Sources 10
Acknowledgments 16
Introduction 18
Chapter 1: Arts and Entertainment 22
Architecture 22
Cartoons 26
Circus 28
Comedy Stage Shows 28
Dance 29
Drama, Dramatists, and Theater 32
Festivals 39
Film 39
Miscellaneous 44
Museums 45
Music 45
Painting 68
Photography 70
Radio 71
Recording 74
Sculpture 74
Television 75
Chapter 2: Business 86
Advertising 86
Automobile Industry 87
Banking 90
Insurance 93
Labor Unions 94
Manufacturing 97
Miscellaneous Industries 99
Publishing 108
Real Estate 109
Retail 109
Savings and Loans 113
Stock Brokerage 113
Transportation 116
Chapter 3: Civil Rights and Protest 118
Abolition 118
Awards and Honors 119
Government Action 120
Group Action 124
Miscellaneous 128
Slave Revolts 129
Slavery 131
Statues and Recognitions 132
Chapter 4: Education 134
Awards, Honors, and Philanthropy 134
College Administrators 135
College Buildings 155
College Degrees 156
College Collaboration 173
College Faculty 173
College Foundings 179
College Fund-Raising 184
College Integration 184
Divinity Schools 187
Extension Programs 187
Honorary Degrees 187
Law Schools 188
Libraries, Archives, Collections 190
Schools 192
Chapter 5: Government: County & State 208
Alabama 208
Alaska 210
Arizona 210
Arkansas 211
California 212
Colorado 214
Connecticut 215
Delaware 215
Florida 215
Georgia 217
Idaho 221
Illinois 221
Indiana 223
Iowa 224
Kansas 224
Kentucky 224
Louisiana 225
Maine 227
Maryland 227
Massachusetts 228
Michigan 230
Minnesota 231
Mississippi 231
Missouri 232
Montana 233
Nebraska 233
Nevada 233
New Hampshire 233
New Jersey 233
New York 234
North Carolina 236
Ohio 237
Oklahoma 239
Oregon 239
Pennsylvania 239
Rhode Island 241
South Carolina 242
Tennessee 243
Texas 245
Utah 246
Virgin Islands 246
Virginia 246
Washington 248
West Virginia 248
Wisconsin 249
Wyoming 249
Chapter 6: Government: Federal 250
District of Columbia Bar 250
Federal Appointees 250
Federal Employees 273
Judiciary 274
Political Parties 280
U.S. House of Representatives 283
U.S. Senate 294
U.S. Supreme Court 296
U.S. Presidency 298
Chapter 7: Government: International 300
Belize 300
Bermuda 300
Brazil 300
Burundi 301
Canada 301
Dominica 301
Ethiopia 302
France 302
Ghana 302
Haiti 302
Ireland 302
Israel 302
Italy 303
Ivory CoIvory coast (Côte d’Ivoire) 303
Jamaica 303
Kenya 303
Liberia 304
Malawi 305
Mexico 306
Mozambique 306
Nigeria 306
Norway 306
Russia 306
Senegal 307
South Africa 307
Switzerland 308
Tanzania 308
United Kingdom 309
United Nations 310
Zaire (Congo) 311
Zambia 311
Zimbabwe 311
Chapter 8: Government: Local 314
Alabama 314
Arizona 316
Arkansas 316
California 316
Colorado 321
Connecticut 321
Delaware 322
District of Columbia 322
Florida 324
Georgia 325
Illinois 328
Indiana 331
Iowa 331
Kentucky 331
Louisiana 332
Maine 333
Maryland 333
Massachusetts 334
Michigan 334
Minnesota 336
Mississippi 336
Missouri 338
Montana 339
Nevada 339
New Jersey 339
New York 341
North Carolina 347
Ohio 348
Oklahoma 351
Pennsylvania 351
Rhode Island 352
South Carolina 352
Tennessee 353
Texas 355
Utah 357
Virginia 357
Washington 358
West Virginia 358
Chapter 9: Journalism 360
Newspapers 360
Periodicals 372
Photojournalism 375
Press Secretary 375
Radio 375
Television 376
Chapter 10: Military 382
Air Force 382
American Revolution 384
Army 385
Civil War 397
Coast Guard 398
Court of Military Appeals 400
Marines 401
Military Academy (West Point) 403
Militia 403
National Guard 404
Naval Academy 405
Navy 406
Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) 411
World War I 411
Chapter 11: Miscellaneous 414
Aviation 414
Awards and Honors 418
Beauty Industry and Models 429
Celebrations 434
Chess 435
Commemoratives and Monuments 435
Exploration 439
Other Topics 440
Pioneers 443
Royalty 443
Transportation 444
Chapter 12: Organizations 448
Academic and Intellectual Societies 448
Business and Professional Organizations 451
Charitable and Civic Organizations 466
Civil Rights and Political Organizations 473
Fraternal, Social, and Religious Groups 476
Medical and Dental Associations 479
Military Veterans 483
Chapter 13: Religion 486
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church 486
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church 489
African Orthodox Church 490
African Union; American Methodist Episcopal Church 491
African-American Catholic Church 491
Anglican Church 491
Antioch Association of Metaphysical Science 491
Baptism 491
Baptists 491
Black Christian Nationalist Church 497
Catholics 497
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 503
Church of England 504
Colored (Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church 504
Congregationalists 504
Early Christians 505
Episcopalians 505
Ethiopians 510
Faith Healing 510
Faithful Central Bible Church 510
First Church of the Women’s E. W. of A. (Queen Esther Mission) 511
Holiness 511
Interchurch Organizations 511
Islam 512
Judaism and Black Judaism 513
Lutherans 514
Methodists 514
Mormons 519
Peace Mission 519
Pentecostals 520
Presbyterians 522
Rastafarians 525
Reformed Dutch Church 525
Salvation Army 525
Southern Baptists 525
Spiritual 525
Unitarian-Universalists 526
United Church and Science of Living Institute 526
United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming (Shakers) 526
Chapter 14: Science & Medicine 528
Federal Employees 528
Hospitals 528
Inventions and Patents 530
Medical Agencies and Schools 536
Medicine 538
Museums 550
National Science Foundation 551
Nursing 551
Publications 552
Research and Development 553
Space 554
Chapter 15: Sports 558
Administration 558
Associations 560
Automobile Racing 560
Baseball 562
Basketball 576
Body Building 591
Bowling 591
Boxing 592
Cricket 598
Cycling 598
Darts 598
Fencing 598
Football 599
Golf 611
Gymnastics 614
Hockey 615
Horse Racing 616
Horse Riding (Equestrian) 617
Horse Riding (Polo) 617
Ice Skating 618
Lacrosse 619
Marathon Walking 619
Motocross 619
Olympics 619
Poker 631
Rodeo 631
Rowing 632
Sailing 632
Skiing 632
Soccer 633
Squash 633
Swimming 633
Taekwondo 633
Tennis 634
Track and Field 638
Triathalon 640
Volleyball 640
Wrestling 641
Sports Reporter 641
Chapter 16: Writers 644
Autobiography 644
Awards 645
Comics 648
History 648
Nonfiction 649
Novels 652
Pamphlets 657
Poetry 657
Short Stories 660
Further Reading 662
Name Index 676

Readers will revel in the stories of barrier-breaking pioneers in all fields-arts, entertainment, business, civil rights, education, government, inventing, journalism, religion, science, sports, and more. And they will rejoice in their triumphs. With hundreds of illustrations and a daily calendar of firsts, Black Firsts is the culmination of many hours of work, courage, and perseverance, the exact qualities represented within. Black Firsts is a testament to a rich but often overlooked part of our history. Jessie Carney Smith, William and Camille Cosby Professor of the Humanities at Fisk University, gives us stories of a people overcoming adversity to emerge triumphant. A vital collection of amazing scholarship, Black Firsts remembers and celebrates those who have won personal victories against the forces arrayed against them.

2021-02-06