There are a surprisingly small number of encyclopedias covering environmental science and environmental issues. The expanded and updated edition of Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia does little to improve on the quality of such offerings.Entries range from 100 to more than 2,000 words. Some are complemented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Each entry is signed, and topical coverage includes a broad range of environmental perspectives, including scientific, political, and social issues. Most of the entries are followed by a brief bibliography. However, these bibliographies are inconsistent, some pointing to a large number of standard and useful sources, others leading the user to an odd selection of works that do not represent comprehensive or core treatments of the issue at hand.Additional sections include a brief (five-page) ''Historical Chronology'' of environmental events, a five-page chronology of ''Environmental Legislation in the United States,'' organizations mentioned within the bibliographies accompanying encyclopedia entries, and an index to entries and terms.The factual information presented in the encyclopedia is generally accurate, although the entries are inconsistent in their tone. That is, although the entries on more scientific topics are quite good and objectively presented, the social issue and biographical entries have a less objective, more chatty tone. In large part, this stems from an editorial perspective that often takes sides with the environmentalists. The result is a work that is not appropriate as the only source for beginning students.There are other choices for coverage of the human and social aspects of environmental issues. Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (Salem, 2000) and Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society (Oxford, 2002) are useful for the high-school level and up, while The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Grolier, 1999) and The Environment Encyclopedia (Marshall Cavendish, 2001) offer attractive presentations for school and public libraries. Issue-based treatments should be supplemented by more scientifically oriented works, such as Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (Oryx, 2000) or The Environment A to Z (CQ, 2000). The present work is appropriate only for comprehensive environmental collections.

In this third edition reference, two hefty volumes contain some 1,300 alphabetically arranged articles relevant to the broad field of environmental studies. Layed out in a two-column format, the signed entries are written in plain language by contributors with scientific background as well as versatile freelance writers (all are identified). Entries range in length from a single paragraph defining a term (e.g. adaptation, acute effects, permeable, rain shadow) to several pages on processes and the significance of, for example biomass fuel, earthquakes, famines, ocean dumping, and solid waste. Many entries include up to about a half dozen book & periodical resources; all are cross-referenced through the use of boldface type within the article (a somewhat distracting method of referral). The second volume appends a historical chronology, a chronology of environmental legislation in the US, a listing of organizations, and a general index. There is no thematic index, which would be a useful addition to a future edition. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

In this third edition reference, two hefty volumes contain some 1,300 alphabetically arranged articles relevant to the broad field of environmental studies. Layed out in a two-column format, the signed entries are written in plain language by contributors with scientific background as well as versatile freelance writers (all are identified). Entries range in length from a single paragraph defining a term (e.g. adaptation, acute effects, permeable, rain shadow) to several pages on processes and the significance of, for example biomass fuel, earthquakes, famines, ocean dumping, and solid waste. Many entries include up to about a half dozen book & periodical resources; all are cross-referenced through the use of boldface type within the article (a somewhat distracting method of referral). The second volume appends a historical chronology, a chronology of environmental legislation in the US, a listing of organizations, and a general index. There is no thematic index, which would be a useful addition to a future edition. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

There are a surprisingly small number of encyclopedias covering environmental science and environmental issues. The expanded and updated edition of Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia does little to improve on the quality of such offerings.Entries range from 100 to more than 2,000 words. Some are complemented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Each entry is signed, and topical coverage includes a broad range of environmental perspectives, including scientific, political, and social issues. Most of the entries are followed by a brief bibliography. However, these bibliographies are inconsistent, some pointing to a large number of standard and useful sources, others leading the user to an odd selection of works that do not represent comprehensive or core treatments of the issue at hand.Additional sections include a brief (five-page) ''Historical Chronology'' of environmental events, a five-page chronology of ''Environmental Legislation in the United States,'' organizations mentioned within the bibliographies accompanying encyclopedia entries, and an index to entries and terms.The factual information presented in the encyclopedia is generally accurate, although the entries are inconsistent in their tone. That is, although the entries on more scientific topics are quite good and objectively presented, the social issue and biographical entries have a less objective, more chatty tone. In large part, this stems from an editorial perspective that often takes sides with the environmentalists. The result is a work that is not appropriate as the only source for beginning students.There are other choices for coverage of the human and social aspects of environmental issues. Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (Salem, 2000) and Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society (Oxford, 2002) are useful for the high-school level and up, while The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Grolier, 1999) and The Environment Encyclopedia (Marshall Cavendish, 2001) offer attractive presentations for school and public libraries. Issue-based treatments should be supplemented by more scientifically oriented works, such as Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (Oryx, 2000) or The Environment A to Z (CQ, 2000). The present work is appropriate only for comprehensive environmental collections.

Cover Page 1 Title Page - Volume 1 2 Title Page - Volume 2 3 Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. 4 ©2003 by Gale, ISBN 0787654868 4 CONTENTS 5 ADVISORY BOARD 5 CONTRIBUTORS 5 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 5 INTRODUCTION 5 VOLUME 1 (A-M) 5 A 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 E 9 F 10 G 11 H 12 I 12 J 13 K 13 L 13 M 13 VOLUME 2 (N-Z) 14 N 14 O 15 P 15 Q 17 R 17 S 17 T 19 U 20 V 20 W 20 X 21 Y 21 Z 21 HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY 21 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES 21 ORGANIZATIONS 21 GENERAL INDEX 21 ADVISORY BOARD 23 CONTRIBUTORS 25 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 29 INTRODUCTION 31 ENTRIES 35 A 35 Edward Paul Abbey (1927 – 1989) 35 Absorption 35 Acaricide 36 Acceptable risk 36 Acclimation 36 Accounting for nature 37 Accuracy 37 Acetone 37 Acid and base 38 Acid deposition 38 Acid mine drainage 39 Acid rain 40 Acidification 42 Acidity Acoustics 42 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 42 Activated sludge 42 Acute effects 43 Ansel Easton Adams (1902 – 1984) 43 Adaptation 44 Adaptive management 44 Adirondack Mountains 45 Adsorption 46 AEC 46 AEM 46 Aeration 46 Aerobic 46 Aerobic/anaerobic systems 46 Aerobic sludge digestion 47 Aerosol 48 Aflatoxin 48 African Wildlife Foundation 49 Africanized bees 49 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 50 Agent Orange 51 Agglomeration 54 Agricultural chemicals 54 Agricultural environmental management 55 Agricultural pollution 57 Agricultural Research Service 59 Agricultural revolution 59 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service 60 Agriculture and energy conservation 60 Agriculture, drainage 61 Agriculture, sustainable 61 Agroecology 61 Agroforestry 61 AIDS 62 Air and Waste Management Association 63 Air pollution 63 Air pollution control 65 Air pollution index 67 Air quality 67 Air quality control region 68 Air quality criteria 68 Air-pollutant transport 69 Airshed 69 Alar 69 Alaska Highway 69 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980) 71 Alaska National Wildlife Refuge 72 Alaska pipeline 72 Albedo 72 Algal bloom 72 Algicide 73 Aline, Tundra 73 Allelopathy 73 Allergen 73 Alligator, American 73 All-terrain vehicle 75 Alpha particle 75 Alternative energy sources 75 Alternative fuels 76 Aluminum 76 Amazon basin 77 Ambient air 78 Amenity value 78 American alligator 78 American Box Turtle 78 American Cetacean Society 79 American Committee for International Conservation 79 American Farmland Trust 80 American Forests 80 American Indian Environmental Office 81 American Oceans Campaign 82 American Wildlands 84 Ames test 84 Amoco Cadiz 85 Cleveland Amory (1917 – 1998) 85 Anaerobic 86 Anaerobic digestion 87 Anemia 87 Animal cancer tests 88 Animal Legal Defense Fund 89 Animal rights 89 Animal waste 91 Animal Welfare Institute 91 Anion 92 Antarctic Treaty (1961) 92 Antarctica 93 Antarctica Project 93 Anthracite coal 94 Anthrax 94 Anthropocentrism 95 Anthropogenic 95 Antibiotic resistance 96 Ants 98 ANWR 98 AQCR 98 Aquaculture 98 Aquarium trade 100 Aquatic chemistry 101 Aquatic microbiology 103 Aquatic toxicology 104 Aquatic weed control 105 Aquifer 105 Aquifer depletion 105 Aquifer restoration 106 Arable land 108 Aral Sea 108 Arco, Idaho 109 Arctic Council 110 Arctic haze 110 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 111 Arid 113 Arid landscaping 113 Army Corps of Engineers 114 Svante August Arrhenius (1859 – 1927) 114 Arsenic 115 Arsenic-treated lumber 116 Artesian well 118 Asbestos 118 Asbestos removal 118 Asbestosis 121 Ash, fly 121 Ashio, Japan 121 Asian longhorn beetle 123 Asian (Pacific) shore crab 123 Asiatic black bear 123 Assimilative capacity 124 St. Francis of Assisi (1181 – 1226) 125 Asthma 125 Aswan High Dam 126 Atmosphere 128 Atmospheric (air) pollutants 129 Atmospheric deposition 130 Atmospheric inversion 131 Atmospheric pollutants 131 Atomic bomb 131 Atomic bomb testing 131 Atomic energy 131 Atomic Energy Commission 131 Atomic fission 131 Atomic fusion 131 Atrazine 132 Attainment area 132 John James Audubon (1785 – 1851) 132 Audubon Society 133 Australia 133 Autecology 135 Automobile 135 Automobile emissions 136 Autotroph 137 Avalanche 138 B 139 Bacillus thuringiensis 139 Background radiation 139 Sir Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) 140 BACT 141 Baghouse 141 Balance of nature 142 Bald eagle 143 B(a)P 144 Barrier island 144 Basel Convention 145 Rick Bass (1958 – ) 146 Bats 147 Batteries 148 Battery recycling 148 Bay of Fundy 149 Beach renourishment 151 Bear 151 Mollie Beattie (1947 – 1996) 151 Bees 152 Bellwether species 152 Below Regulatory Concern 153 Hugh Hammond Bennett (1881 – 1960) 153 Benzene 154 Benzo(a)pyrene 154 Wendell Erdman Berry (1934 – ) 154 Best available control technology 155 Best management practices 156 Best practical technology 157 Beta particle 157 Beyond Pesticides 157 Bhopal, India 158 Bikini atoll 160 Bioaccumulation 162 Bioaerosols 162 Bioassay 162 Bioassessment 163 Biocentrism 164 Biochemical oxygen demand 164 Bioconcentration 165 Biodegradable 165 Biodiversity 165 Biofilms 168 Biofiltration 169 Biofouling 170 Biogeochemistry 170 Biogeography 172 Biohydrometallurgy 173 Bioindicator 173 Biological community 174 Biological fertility 175 Biological integrity 175 Biological magnification 175 Biological methylation 175 Biological oxygen demand 175 Biological Resources Division 176 Biological treatment 177 Bioluminescence 177 Biomagnification 178 Biomass 179 Biomass fuel 180 Biome 182 Biomonitoring 182 Biophilia 182 Bioregional Project 182 Bioregionalism 184 Bioremediation 184 Biosequence 187 Biosphere 187 Biosphere reserve 188 Biota 191 Biotechnology 191 Bioterrorism 193 Biotic community 195 Biotic impoverishment 195 Biotoxins 195 Bioventing 196 BirdLife International 196 Birth control 197 Birth defects 197 Bison 199 Bituminous coal 200 Black lung disease 200 Black-footed ferret 201 Blackout/brownout 202 BLM 203 Blow-out 203 Blue Angel 203 Blue revolution (fish farming) 203 Blue-baby syndrome 204 BMP 205 BOD 205 Bogs 205 Bonn Convention 205 Murray Bookchin (1921 – ) 205 Boreal forest 206 Norman E. Borlaug (1914 – ) 206 Boston Harbor clean up 207 Botanical garden 209 Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910 – 1993) 210 Boundary Waters Canoe Area 211 Box turtle 211 BPT 211 Brackish 211 BRDs 212 Broad spectrum pesticide 212 Bromine 212 Bronchial constriction 213 Bronchitis 213 David Ross Brower (1912 – 2000) 214 Lester R. Brown (1934 – ) 215 Brown pelican 217 Brown tree snake 217 Carol Browner (1955 – ) 218 Brownfields 219 Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 – ) 221 Brundtland Report 222 Btu 222 Mikhail I. Budyko (1920 – ) 222 Buffer 224 Bulk density 224 Burden of proof 224 Bureau of Land Management 224 Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES) 225 Bureau of Reclamation 225 Buried soil 225 John Burroughs (1837 – 1921) 226 Bush meat/market 227 BWCA 228 Bycatch 228 Bycatch reduction devices 229 C 233 Cadmium 233 CAFE 233 Cairo conference 233 Calcareous soil 235 Dr. Helen Mary Caldicott (1938 – ) 235 Lynton Keith Caldwell (1913 – ) 236 California condor 237 John Baird Callicot (1941 – ) 238 Canadian Forest Service 239 Canadian Parks Service 240 Canadian Wildlife Service 240 Cancer 241 Captive propagation and reintroduction 242 Carbamates 244 Carbon 244 Carbon cycle 244 Carbon dating 245 Carbon dioxide 245 Carbon emissions trading 245 Carbon monoxide 248 Carbon offsets (CO2-emission offsets) 248 Carbon tax 251 Carcinogen 252 Carrying capacity 254 Rachel Louise Carson (1907 – 1964) 255 Cash crop 257 Catalytic converter 257 Cation 258 Cation exchange 258 Catskill Watershed Protection Plan 258 Center for Environmental Philosophy 259 Center for Marine Conservation 260 Center for Respect of Life and Environment 260 Center for Rural Affairs 261 Center for Science in the Public Interest 261 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 262 CERCLA 262 CERES Principles 262 Cesium 137 262 CFCs 263 CGIAR 263 Chain reaction 263 Chaparral 263 Chelate 264 Chelyabinsk, Russia 264 Chemical bond 265 Chemical oxygen demand 265 Chemical spills 266 Chemicals 267 Chemosynthesis 268 Chernobyl nuclear power station 268 Chesapeake Bay 270 Child survival revolution 272 Chimpanzees 273 Chipko Andolan movement 274 Chisel plow 275 Chisso Chemical Company 275 Chlordane 275 Chlorinated hydrocarbons 275 Chlorination 276 Chlorine 278 Chlorine monoxide 280 Chlorofluorocarbons 280 Cholera 281 Cholinesterase inhibitor 281 Chromatography 282 Chronic effects 283 Cigarette smoke 283 CITES 285 Citizen science 285 Citizen’s Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste 287 Citizens for a Better Environment 287 Clay minerals 288 Clay-hard pan 288 Clayoquot Sound 288 Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990) 290 Clean coal technology 293 Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987) 293 Clear-cutting 296 Frederic E. Clements (1874 – 1945) 298 Climate 300 Climax (ecological) 302 Clod 302 Cloning 302 Cloud chemistry 304 Club of Rome 305 C:N ratio 306 Coagulation 306 Coal 307 Coal bed methane 308 Coal gasification 308 Coal mining 310 Coal washing 310 Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) 311 Coase theorem 311 Coastal Society, The 311 Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) 312 Co-composting 314 Coevolution 314 Cogeneration 315 Cold fusion 316 Coliform bacteria 317 Colorado River 317 Combined sewer overflows 318 Combustion 319 Cometabolism 319 Commensalism 320 Commercial fishing 320 Commingled recyclables 322 Commission for Environmental Cooperation 322 Barry Commoner (1917 – ) 323 Communicable diseases 324 Community ecology 325 Community right-to-know 327 Compaction 327 Comparative risk 328 Competition 330 Competitive exclusion 331 Composting 331 Composting toilets 333 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 333 Computer disposal 335 Condensation nuclei 336 Condor 336 Congenital malformations 336 Congo River and basin 336 Coniferous forest 338 Conservation 338 Conservation biology 340 Conservation design 342 Conservation easements 342 Conservation International 343 Conservation Reserve Program 343 Conservation tillage 346 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 346 Container deposit legislation 347 Containment structures 348 Contaminated soil 348 Contour plowing 351 Contraceptives 351 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975) 351 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979) 352 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979) 352 Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) 352 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1972) 353 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971) 354 Conventional pollutant 355 Copper 355 Copper mining 356 Coprecipitation 356 Coral bleaching 356 Coral reef 357 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards 359 Corrosion and material degradation 360 Cost-benefit analysis 360 Douglas M. Costle (1939 – ) 362 Council on Environmental Quality 363 Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910 – 1997) 364 Cousteau Society, The 365 Coyote 366 Crane (bird) 368 Creutzfeldt jacob disease 368 Criteria pollutant 368 Critical habitat 368 Crocodiles 369 William Cronon (1954 – ) 370 Cross-Florida Barge Canal 371 CRP 372 Paul J. Cruzen (1933 – ) 372 CSOs 375 Cubatao, Brazil 375 Cultivation 376 Cultural eutrophication 376 Cuyahoga River 378 Cyclodienes 379 Cyclone 379 Cyclone collector 379 D 381 Dam removal 381 Dams (environmental effects) 382 Danube River 383 Jay Norwood “Ding” Darling (1876 – 1962) 383 Charles Robert Darwin (1809 – 1882) 383 DDT 384 Dead zones 384 Debt for nature swap 386 Deciduous forest 388 Decline spiral 388 Decomposers 388 Decomposition 389 Deep ecology 389 Deep-well injection 390 Defenders of Wildlife 391 Defoliation 391 Deforestation 392 Delaney Clause 393 Demographic transition 394 Denitrification 394 Deoxyribose nucleic acid 394 Department of Agriculture 395 Department of Energy 395 Department of Health and Human Services 395 Department of the Interior 395 Desalinization 395 Desert 396 Desert tortoise 396 Desertification 397 Design for disassembly 399 Detergents 399 Detoxification 399 Detritivores 401 Detritus 402 Development, sustainable 402 Dew point 402 Diapers 402 Diazinon 402 Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane 402 Dieback 403 Die-off 403 Digester 404 Annie Dillard (1945 – ) 404 Dioxin 405 Discharge 406 Disposable diapers 407 Dissolved oxygen 407 Dissolved solids 407 Diversity 408 DNA 408 Dodo 408 Dolphins 409 Dominance 410 Dose response 411 Double-crested cormorants 411 Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890 – 1998) 412 Drainage 413 Dredging 414 Drift nets 416 Drinking-water supply 418 Drinking-water treatment 420 Drip irrigation 420 Drought 420 Dry alkali injection 421 Dry cask storage 421 Dry cleaning 422 Dry deposition 423 Dryland farming 424 Rene´ Jules Dubos (1901 – 1982) 424 Ducks Unlimited 425 Ducktown, Tennessee 426 Dunes and dune erosion 426 Dust Bowl 429 E 431 Earth Charter 431 Earth Day 433 Earth First! 435 Earth Island Institute 436 Earth Liberation Front 437 Earth Pledge Foundation 438 Earth Summit 439 Earthquake 439 Earthwatch 440 Eastern European pollution 441 Ebola 443 Eco Mark 445 Ecoanarchism 446 Ecocide 446 Ecofeminism 446 Ecojustice 448 Ecological consumers 448 Ecological integrity 448 Ecological productivity 451 Ecological risk assessment 451 Ecological Society of America 452 Ecological economics 453 Ecological succession 455 Ecology 455 Ecology, deep 458 Ecology, human 458 Ecology, restoration 458 Ecology, social 458 EcoNet 458 Economic growth and the environment 458 Ecopsychology 460 Ecosophy 460 Ecosystem 460 Ecosystem health 462 Ecosystem management 463 Ecotage 465 Ecoterrorism 465 Ecotone 466 Ecotourism 466 Ecotoxicology 467 Ecotype 469 Edaphic 469 Edaphology 469 Eelgrass 469 Effluent 469 Effluent tax 470 Eggshell thinning 470 EH 470 Paul Ralph Ehrlich (1932 – ) 470 EIS 471 El Nin˜o 471 Electric automobiles 472 Electric utilities 472 Electromagnetic field 473 Electron acceptor and donor 476 Electrostatic precipitation 476 Elemental analysis 476 Elephants 476 ELI 477 Charles Sutherland Elton (1900 – 1991) 478 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986) 479 Emergent diseases (human) 481 Emergent ecological diseases 482 EMF 483 Emission 483 Emission standards 483 Emissions trading 484 Emphysema 484 Endangered species 484 Endangered Species Act (1973) 485 Endemic species 488 Endocrine disruptors 490 Energy and the environment 491 Energy conservation 493 Energy crops 494 Energy efficiency 494 Energy flow 496 Energy Information Admistration 496 Energy path, hard vs. soft 496 Energy policy 497 Energy recovery 499 Energy Reorganization Act (1973) 500 Energy Research and Development Administration 500 Energy taxes 500 Eniwetok Atoll 501 Enteric bacteria 501 Entrainment 501 Environment 501 Environment Canada 503 Environmental accounting 504 Environmental aesthetics 504 Environmental auditing 505 Environmental chemistry 505 Environmental Defense 508 Environmental Defense Fund 509 Environmental degradation 509 Environmental design 510 Environmental dispute resolution 512 Environmental economics 513 Environmental education 515 Environmental enforcement 517 Environmental engineering 519 Environmental estrogens 521 Environmental ethics 523 Environmental health 524 Environmental history 527 Environmental impact assessment 529 Environmental Impact Statement 530 Environmental labeling 531 Environmental law 531 Environmental Law Institute 533 Environmental liability 534 Environmental literacy and ecocriticism 535 Environmental mediation and arbitration 538 Environmental monitoring 538 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program 539 Environmental policy 539 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 541 Environmental racism 544 Environmental refugees 544 Environmental resources 546 Environmental restoration 547 Environmental risk analysis 547 Environmental science 547 Environmental stress 548 Environmental Stress Index 549 Environmental Working Group 549 Environmentalism 550 Environmentally preferable purchasing 551 Environmentally responsible investing 552 Enzyme 553 EPA 553 Ephemeral species 553 Epidemiology 554 Erodible 556 Erosion 556 Escherichia coli 557 Essential fish habitat 559 Estuary 560 Ethanol 561 Ethnobotany 561 EU 563 Eurasian milfoil 563 European Economic Community (EEC) 564 European Greens 564 European Union 564 Eutectic 565 Eutrophication 565 Evapotranspiration 565 Everglades 565 Evolution 567 Exclusive economic zone 570 Existence value 570 Exotic species 570 Experimental Lakes Area 572 Exponential growth 573 External costs 574 Externality 574 Extinction 575 Exxon Valdez 576 F 579 Falcon 579 Fallout 579 Family planning 579 Famine 581 Farming 582 Fauna 583 Fecundity 583 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 583 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1972) 584 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976) 586 Federal Power Administration 588 Federal Power Commission 588 Feedlot runoff 588 Feedlots 589 Fens 590 Ferret 590 Fertility 590 Fertilizer 590 Fibrosis 590 Field capacity 590 Filters 590 Filtration 591 Fire 591 Fire ants 592 First World 592 Fish and Wildlife Service 593 Fish farming 593 Fish kills 593 Fish nets 595 Fisheries and Oceans Canada 595 Fishing 596 Fission 596 Floatable debris 596 Flooding 597 Floodplain 598 Flora 598 Florida panther 598 Flotation 599 Flu pandemic 599 Flue gas 601 Flue-gas scrubbing 601 Fluidized bed combustion 601 Fluoridation 602 Fly ash 604 Flyway 604 Food additives 604 Food and Drug Administration 607 Food chain/web 608 Food irradiation 610 Food policy 612 Food waste 613 Food-borne diseases 614 Foot and mouth disease 615 Stephen Alfred Forbes (1844 – 1930) 617 Francois-Alphonse Forel (1841 – 1912) 618 Dave Foreman (1946 – ) 619 Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974) 620 Forest decline 621 Forest management 623 Forest Service 624 Forestry Canada 625 Forests 625 Dr. Dian Fossey (1932 – 1985) 625 Fossil fuels 627 Fossil water 629 Four Corners 629 Fox hunting 630 Free riders 631 Freon 632 Fresh water ecology 632 Friends of the Earth 634 Frogs 634 Frontier economy 637 Frost heaving 637 Fuel cells 637 Fuel switching 639 Fugitive emissions 639 Fumigation 639 Fund for Animals 639 Fungi 640 Fungicide 640 Furans 641 Fusion 642 Future generations 642 G 645 Gaia hypothesis 645 Gala´pagos Islands 645 Birute Marija Filomena Galdikas (1948 – ) 647 Game animal 648 Game preserves 648 Gamma ray 650 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 – 1948) 650 Garbage 651 Garbage Project 652 Garbology 652 Gardens 652 Gasohol 653 Gasoline 653 Gasoline tax 654 Gastropods 655 Gene bank 655 Gene pool 656 Genetic engineering 657 Genetic resistance (or genetic tolerance) 659 Genetically engineered organism 660 Genetically modified organism 662 Geodegradable 665 Geographic information systems 665 Geological Survey 666 Georges Bank (collapse of the ground fishery) 667 Geosphere 669 Geothermal energy 669 Giant panda 670 Giardia 671 Gibbons 672 Lois Marie Gibbs (1951 – ) 673 Gill nets 674 GIS 674 Glaciation 674 Henry A. Gleason (1882 – 1975) 675 Glen Canyon Dam 677 Global Environment Monitoring System 678 Global Forum 679 Global Releaf 679 Global warming 680 GOBO 680 Goiter 680 Golf courses 680 Good wood 682 Jane Goodall (1934 – ) 683 Albert Gore Jr. (1948 – ) 685 Gorillas 687 Grand Canyon 688 Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument 688 Grasslands 689 Grazing on public lands 690 Great Barrier Reef 692 Great Lakes 694 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978) 695 Great Smoky Mountains 696 Green advertising and marketing 697 Green belt/greenway 698 Green consumerism 699 Green Cross 699 Green packaging 700 Green plans 700 Green politics 701 Green products 703 Green revolution 703 Green Seal 703 Green taxes 704 Greenhouse effect 705 Greenhouse gases 708 Greenpeace 708 Greens 709 Jacques Grinevald 709 Grizzly bear 710 Groundwater 712 Groundwater monitoring 713 Groundwater pollution 713 Growth curve 715 Growth, exponential 715 Growth limiting factors 715 Growth, logistic 716 Growth, population 716 Guano 716 Guinea worm eradication 717 Gulf War syndrome 718 Gullied land 720 Gypsy moth 720 H 723 Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (1900 – 1977) 723 Habitat 723 Habitat conservation plans 724 Habitat fragmentation 725 Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (1834 – 1919) 726 Half-life 726 Halons 727 Hanford Nuclear Reservation 728 Dr. Garrett Hardin (1915 – ) 730 Hawaiian Islands 731 Denis Allen Hayes (1944 – ) 733 Hazard ranking system 734 Hazardous materials, solidification of 734 Hazardous chemicals 734 Hazardous material 734 Hazardous materials, storage and transport 735 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (1975) 735 Hazardous Substances Act (1960) 736 Hazardous waste 737 Hazardous waste site remediation 738 Hazardous waste siting 740 Haze 740 Heat (stress) index 741 Heavy metals and heavy metal poisoning 742 Heavy metals precipitation 744 Robert Louis Heilbroner (1919 – ) 745 Hells Canyon 746 Hazel Henderson (1933 – ) 747 Herbicide 747 Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service 750 Hetch Hetchy Reservoir 750 Heterotroph 751 High-grading (mining, forestry) 751 High-level radioactive waste 751 High-solids reactor 751 High-voltage power lines 752 High-yield crops 752 Hiroshima, Japan 752 Holistic approach 753 Homeostasis 754 Homestead Act (1862) 756 Horizon 756 Horseshoe crabs 756 Hospital wastes 758 Household waste 758 HRS 759 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 759 Hudson River 760 Human ecology 761 Humane Society of the United States 762 Humanism 763 Human-powered vehicles 763 Humus 766 Hunting and trapping 766 Hurricane 768 George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903 – 1991) 768 Hybrid vehicles 770 Hydrocarbons 771 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons 772 Hydrogen 772 Hydrogeology 773 Hydrologic cycle 773 Hydrology 775 Hydroponics 775 Hydropower 777 Hydrothermal vents 777 Hypolimnion: Lakes 777 I 779 IAEA 779 Ice age 779 Ice age refugia 779 Impervious material 780 Improvement cutting 780 In situ mining 780 Inbreeding 780 Incidental catch 780 Incineration 780 Incineration, solid waste 782 Indicator organism 782 Indigenous peoples 783 Indonesian forest fires 784 Indoor air quality 786 Industrial waste treatment 788 Inertia 789 Infiltration 789 INFORM 789 INFOTERRA (U.N. Environment Program) 790 Injection well 790 Inoculate 790 Insecticide 790 Integrated pest management 791 Intergenerational justice 793 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 794 Internal costs 796 Internalizing costs 796 International Atomic Energy Agency 797 International Cleaner Production Cooperative 798 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946) 798 International Council for Bird Preservation 799 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (U.N. Environmental Programme) 799 International Institute for Sustainable Development 800 International Joint Commission 801 International Primate Protection League 801 International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (U. N. Environment Programme) 802 International Society for Environmental Ethics 802 International trade in toxic waste 803 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 805 International Voluntary Standards 805 International Whaling Commission 805 International Wildlife Coalition 805 Intrinsic value 805 Introduced species 806 Inversion 807 Iodine 131 807 Ion 807 Ion exchange 807 Ionizing radiation 807 Iron minerals 808 Irradiation of food 808 Irrigation 808 Island biogeography 809 ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Standards 811 Isotope 813 Itai-itai disease 813 IUCN—The World Conservation Union 814 Ivory-billed woodpecker 815 Izaak Walton League 816 J 819 Wes Jackson (1936 – ) 819 James Bay hydropower project 820 Japanese logging 821 K 823 Kapirowitz Plateau 823 Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (1954 – ) 824 Kepone 824 Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge 826 Ketones 827 Keystone species 827 Killer bees 829 Kirtland’s warbler 829 Krakatoa 830 Krill 831 Joseph Wood Krutch (1893 – 1970) 831 Kudzu 832 Kwashiorkor 833 Kyoto Protocol/Treaty 833 L 837 La Nin˜a 837 La Paz Agreement 838 Lagoon 838 Lake Baikal 838 Lake Erie 840 Lake Tahoe 841 Lake Washington 842 Lakes 842 Land degradation 842 Land ethic 842 Land Institute 843 Land reform 844 Land stewardship 844 Land Stewardship Project 845 Land trusts 846 Land use 848 Landfill 849 Landscape ecology 850 Landslide 852 Land-use control 852 Latency 853 Lawn treatment 853 LDC 855 LD50 855 Leachate 856 Leaching 856 Lead 856 Lead management 857 Lead shot 859 Leafy spurge 859 League of Conservation Voters 860 Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903 – 1972) 860 Mary Douglas Nicol Leakey (1913 – 1996) 863 Richard Erskine Frere Leakey (1944 – ) 865 Leaking underground storage tank 867 Aldo Leopold (1886 – 1978) 868 Less developed countries 870 Leukemia 870 Lichens 871 Life cycle assessment 871 Lignite 872 Limits to Growth (1972) and Beyond the Limits (1992) 872 Limnology 873 Raymond L. Lindeman (1915 – 1942) 874 Liquid metal fast breeder reactor 874 Liquified natural gas 875 Lithology 876 Littoral zone 876 Loading 876 Logging 876 Logistic growth 878 Dr. Bjørn Lomborg (1965 – ) 878 London Dumping Convention 881 Barry Holstun Lopez (1945 – ) 881 Los Angeles Basin 881 Love Canal 883 Sir James Ephraim Lovelock (1919 – ) 885 Amory Bloch Lovins (1947 – ) 886 Lowest Achievable Emission Rate 887 Low-head hydropower 887 Low-inut agriculture 888 Low-level radioactive waste 888 LUST 888 Sir Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875) 888 Lysimeter 889 M 891 Robert Helmer MacArthur (1930 – 1972) 891 Mad cow disease 892 Madagascar 895 Magnetic separation 895 Malaria 895 Male contraceptives 896 Malignant tumors 897 Man and the Biosphere Program 897 Manatees 898 Mangrove swamp 900 Manure 901 Manville Corporation 901 Marasmus 901 Mariculture 901 Marine ecology and biodiversity 903 Marine Mammals Protection Act (1972) 904 Marine pollution 906 Marine protected areas 908 Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (1972) 910 Marine provinces 911 Marsh 911 George Perkins Marshall (1801 – 1882) 912 Marshall Islands 912 Robert Marshall (1901 – 1939) 912 Mass burn 913 Mass extinction 914 Mass spectrometry 916 Mass transit 916 Material Safety Data Sheets 918 Materials balance approach 918 Maximum permissible concentration 919 Maximum social welfare 919 Ian Lennox McHarg (1920 – 2001) 919 Bill Ernest McKibben (1960 – ) 920 MDC 921 Measurement and sensing 921 Medical waste 923 Mediterranean fruit fly 925 Mediterranean Sea 926 Megawatt (MW) 927 Chico Mendes (1944 – 1988) 927 Mercury 928 Metabolism 929 Metals, as contaminants 929 Meteorology 930 Methane 930 Methane digester 931 Methanol 931 Methyl tertiary butyl ether 931 Methylation 933 Methylmercury seed dressings 933 Mexico City, Mexico 934 Microbes (microorganisms) 935 Microbial pathogens 937 Microclimate 937 Micronutrient 937 Migration 938 Milankovitch weather cycles 938 Milfoil 939 Minamata disease 939 Mine drainage 941 Mine spoil waste 941 Mineral Leasing Act (1920) 941 Minerals, strategic 942 Minimum-tillage agriculture 942 Mining 942 Mining, undersea 942 Mirex 943 Mission to Planet Earth (NASA) 943 Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company 944 Mixing zones 944 MMPA 944 Modeling (computer applications) 945 Dr. Mario Jose Molina (1943 – ) 947 Molluscicide 947 Monarch butterfly 948 Monkey-wrenching 950 Mono Lake 950 Monoculture 951 Monsoon 951 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) 952 More developed country 953 Mortality 953 Mount Pinatubo 953 Mount St. Helens 954 MTBE 955 John Muir (1838 – 1914) 955 Mulch 957 Multiple chemical sensitivity 957 Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960) 957 Multi-species management 958 Municipal solid waste 959 Municipal solid waste composting 960 Mutagen 961 Mutation 961 Mutualism 962 MW 962 Mycorrhiza 962 Mycotoxin 963 N 965 NAAQS 965 Ralph Nader (1934 – ) 965 Dr. Arne Naess (1912 – ) 966 NAFTA 968 Nagasaki, Japan 968 National Academy of Sciences 968 National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse 970 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 970 National Audubon Society 971 National Biological Service 972 National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides 972 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 972 National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 973 National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service 975 National Estuary Program 975 National forest 977 National Forest Management Act (1976) 978 National Institute for the Environment 978 National Institute for Urban Wildlife 980 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) 980 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 982 National lakeshore 983 National Marine Fisheries Service 984 National Mining and Minerals Act (1970) 984 National Ocean Service 985 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 985 National park 986 National Park Service 987 National Parks and Conservation Association 989 National pollutant discharge elimination system 990 National Priorities List 991 National Recycling Coalition 991 National Research Council 992 National seashore 993 National Weather Service 994 National Wildlife Federation 994 National wildlife refuge 995 Native landscaping 995 Natural gas 997 Natural radiation 997 Natural resource accounting 997 Natural resources 997 Natural Resources Defense Council 998 Natural selection 998 Nature 999 Nature Conservancy, The 999 Nature reserve 1000 Dr. Scott Nearing (1883 – 1983) 1000 Nekton 1001 Nematicide 1001 Neoplasm 1001 Neotropical migrants 1002 Neritic zone 1003 Neurotoxin 1003 Neutron 1004 Nevada Test Site 1004 New Madrid, Missouri 1004 New Source Performance Standard 1005 New York Bight 1005 NGO 1006 Niche 1006 Nickel 1007 Nickel mining 1007 NIMBY 1007 NIOSH 1007 Nitrates and nitrites 1007 Nitrification 1008 Nitrites 1008 Nitrogen 1008 Nitrogen cycle 1008 Nitrogen fixation 1011 Nitrogen oxides 1011 Nitrogen scrubbing 1012 Nitrogen waste 1012 Nitrous oxide 1012 NOAA 1013 NOAEL 1013 Noise pollution 1013 Nonattainment area 1014 Noncriteria pollutant 1014 Nondegradable pollutant 1014 Nongame wildlife 101

There are a surprisingly small number of encyclopedias covering environmental science and environmental issues. The expanded and updated edition of Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia does little to improve on the quality of such offerings.Entries range from 100 to more than 2,000 words. Some are complemented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Each entry is signed, and topical coverage includes a broad range of environmental perspectives, including scientific, political, and social issues. Most of the entries are followed by a brief bibliography. However, these bibliographies are inconsistent, some pointing to a large number of standard and useful sources, others leading the user to an odd selection of works that do not represent comprehensive or core treatments of the issue at hand.Additional sections include a brief (five-page) ''Historical Chronology'' of environmental events, a five-page chronology of ''Environmental Legislation in the United States,'' organizations mentioned within the bibliographies accompanying encyclopedia entries, and an index to entries and terms.The factual information presented in the encyclopedia is generally accurate, although the entries are inconsistent in their tone. That is, although the entries on more scientific topics are quite good and objectively presented, the social issue and biographical entries have a less objective, more chatty tone. In large part, this stems from an editorial perspective that often takes sides with the environmentalists. The result is a work that is not appropriate as the only source for beginning students.There are other choices for coverage of the human and social aspects of environmental issues. Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (Salem, 2000) and Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society (Oxford, 2002) are useful for the high-school level and up, while The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Grolier, 1999) and The Environment Encyclopedia (Marshall Cavendish, 2001) offer attractive presentations for school and public libraries. Issue-based treatments should be supplemented by more scientifically oriented works, such as Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (Oryx, 2000) or The Environment A to Z (CQ, 2000). The present work is appropriate only for comprehensive environmental collections.

There are a surprisingly small number of encyclopedias covering environmental science and environmental issues. The expanded and updated edition of Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia does little to improve on the quality of such offerings.Entries range from 100 to more than 2,000 words. Some are complemented by black-and-white photographs and diagrams. Each entry is signed, and topical coverage includes a broad range of environmental perspectives, including scientific, political, and social issues. Most of the entries are followed by a brief bibliography. However, these bibliographies are inconsistent, some pointing to a large number of standard and useful sources, others leading the user to an odd selection of works that do not represent comprehensive or core treatments of the issue at hand.Additional sections include a brief (five-page) ''Historical Chronology'' of environmental events, a five-page chronology of ''Environmental Legislation in the United States,'' organizations mentioned within the bibliographies accompanying encyclopedia entries, and an index to entries and terms.The factual information presented in the encyclopedia is generally accurate, although the entries are inconsistent in their tone. That is, although the entries on more scientific topics are quite good and objectively presented, the social issue and biographical entries have a less objective, more chatty tone. In large part, this stems from an editorial perspective that often takes sides with the environmentalists. The result is a work that is not appropriate as the only source for beginning students.There are other choices for coverage of the human and social aspects of environmental issues. Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (Salem, 2000) and Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society (Oxford, 2002) are useful for the high-school level and up, while The Encyclopedia of the Environment (Grolier, 1999) and The Environment Encyclopedia (Marshall Cavendish, 2001) offer attractive presentations for school and public libraries. Issue-based treatments should be supplemented by more scientifically oriented works, such as Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (Oryx, 2000) or The Environment A to Z (CQ, 2000). The present work is appropriate only for comprehensive environmental collections.