Two are the starting points of this book. On the one hand, the use of Doña Marina/La Malinche as a symbol of the violation of the Americas by the Spanish conquerors as well as a metaphor of her treason to the Mexican people. On the other, the role of the translations of Bartolomé de las Casas’s Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias in the creation and expansion of the Spanish Black Legend. The author aims to go beyond them by considering the role of translators and interpreters during the early colonial period in Spanish America and by looking at the translations of the Spanish chronicles as instrumental in the promotion of other European empires. The book discusses literary, religious and administrative documents and engages in a dialogue with other disciplines that can provide a more nuanced view of the role of translation, and of the mediators, during the controversial encounter/clash between Europeans and Amerindians.

nexusstc/Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas/a4ab23ab09faf478a7f24240ba7420e0.pdf

lgli/Translation_and_the_Spanish_Empire_in_the_Americ-978 90 272 5853 3.pdf

lgrsnf/Translation_and_the_Spanish_Empire_in_the_Americ-978 90 272 5853 3.pdf

zlib/Languages/Grammar, dictionaries & phrasebooks/Roberto A. Valdeón/Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas_2576931.pdf

Roberto A Valdeón García

Valdeón, Roberto A.

Roberto A. Valdeon

Universidad de Oviedo/University of Massachusetts Amherst

Benjamins Publishing Company, John

John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Benjamins translation library, Amsterdam Netherlands ; Philadelphia Pennsylvania, 2014

Benjamins translation library, Copyright 2014 Amsterdam ; Philadelphia, 2014

Benjamins translation library, Volume 113, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2014

John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2014

Netherlands, Netherlands

Nov 14, 2014

0

lg1382841

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Source title: Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas (Benjamins Translation Library)

Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas 2
Editorial page 3
Title page 4
LCC data 5
Table of contents 6
Preface 10
1. Language, translation and empire 14
1.1 Of empires, national rivalries and languages 14
1.1.1 The Black Legend 17
1.1.2 The Spanish struggle for justice 20
1.2 The benevolent conquest: Different and yet similar 24
1.2.1 Untranslated images of colonial violence 26
1.3 The narrative of the Indian as a good savage 28
1.4 The narrative of the Indians as a unified group 31
1.5 The role of religion in the conquest: Different and yet similar 32
1.5.1 Religious fanaticism: Similar and yet different 36
1.6 Conquest and language 37
1.7 The survival of anti-Spanish propaganda 40
2. Conquerors and translators 48
2.1 The first Europeans and the first interpreters 48
2.1.1 Translation as violence 51
2.1.2 Translation and resistance 52
2.1.3 The many names of the linguistic intermediary 53
2.2 The Requerimiento 55
2.3 Conquerors and interpreters in Mesoamerica 62
2.3.1 Doña Marina/Malinche and the conquest of Mexico 62
2.3.2 Interpreting the meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma 65
2.4 Pizarro and the conquest of Peru 70
2.4.1 The encounter between Atahualpa and the Spanish 71
2.4.2 Felipillo’s reputation as an interpreter 75
2.5 The salary of the interpreters 78
2.5.1 In Mesoamerica 78
2.5.2 In the Andes 81
3. Translation and the administration of the colonies 84
3.1 The teaching of Spanish and of the lenguas generales 85
3.1.1 Alphabetic writing 87
3.1.2 The teaching and learning of the lenguas generales 87
3.1.3 The universities 89
3.2 Translation in the early colonial period 91
3.3 The status of the interpreters: Legal, economic and ethical issues 93
3.4 Translators in the judicial system 97
3.5 The use of native languages in official documents 99
3.6 The relaciones 102
3.6.1 The role of interpreter Gaspar Antonio Chi in Mesoamerica 104
3.6.2 The visitas of the Andes 105
3.7 The use of translation during Francisco de Toledo’s rule as viceroy of Peru 106
3.7.1 Francisco de Toledo’s visitas 107
3.7.2 Translation as violence 108
3.8 Translating the khipus 110
3.9 Linguistic mediation: From accommodation to resistance 113
4. Evangelizing the natives 118
4.1 The arrival of European conquerors: Gold as God 122
4.2 The Inter Caetera bulls and the beginning of evangelization 122
4.3 Language and evangelization: The challenges of translation 124
4.4 The myth of the Spaniards as gods as a translation problem 127
4.5 The challenges of translation and communication 130
4.5.1 Memorization and other local practices as conversion techniques 131
4.6 The translation policies of the Catholic Church in the metropolis and beyond 133
4.6.1 Opposition to translation 134
4.7 Translation and evangelization in Mesoamerica 136
4.7.1 The teaching of Spanish 137
4.7.2 The learning of local languages 138
4.7.3 The impact of the regional councils upon language and translation policies 139
4.7.4 The impact of translation upon the normativization of Nahuatl 141
4.8 Translation and evangelization in the Andean region 143
4.8.1 The Lima councils 145
4.8.2 The standarization of native languages 148
4.8.3 Domingo de Santo Tomás 149
4.8.4 Printing 150
4.9 Translation, confession and fornication 151
4.10 The extirpation of idolatry campaigns or visitas 155
4.10.1 Extirpation of idolatries in the Andes 157
4.10.1.1 Visitador Cristobal de Albornoz and interpreter Guaman Poma 157
4.10.1.2 Visitador Francisco de Ávila and interpreter Santacruz Pachacuti 158
4.11 The Marian cult as an example of hybridism 160
4.11.1 The Virgin of Guadalupe 160
4.11.2 The Marian cult in the Andes 161
4.12 Translation as resistance 163
5. The chroniclers and the interpreters translated 166
5.1 The chronicles 166
5.1.1 The chroniclers and their readership 167
5.2 The chroniclers of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean 168
5.2.1 Christopher Columbus 168
5.2.2 Bartolomé de las Casas 170
5.2.3 Hernán Cortés 176
5.2.4 Bernardino de Sahagún 179
5.2.5 Bernal Díaz del Castillo 183
5.2.6 Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo 186
5.2.7 Francisco López de Gómara 187
5.2.8 Cabeza de Vaca 192
5.3 The chronicles of the Andean region 195
5.3.1 Pedro Pizarro 195
5.3.2 Pedro Cieza de León’s Crónica del Perú 196
5.3.2.1 The Stevens translation 197
5.3.2.2 The Markham translation 199
5.3.2.3 Twentieth-century translations 201
5.3.3 Juan de Betanzos 202
5.3.4 José de Acosta 205
5.4 Other texts 208
5.4.1 Peter Martyr 208
5.4.2 Ramón Pané 209
5.4.3 Francisco de Jerez 210
5.4.4 Agustín de Zárate 211
5.4.5 Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa 212
5.4.6 Diego Durán 213
5.4.7 Toribio de Motolinía 214
5.5 The chronicles, translation and European expansion 216
5.5.1 The translation of science 218
6. Native chroniclers and translation 222
6.1 Mesoamerica 222
6.1.1 Domingo Chimalpáhin 222
6.1.2 Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl 226
6.1.3 Diego Muñoz Camargo 228
6.1.4 The List of Rulers of Tlatelolco texts 229
6.2 The Andean region 230
6.2.1 Titu Cusi Yupanqui 230
6.2.2 Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 233
6.2.3 Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 238
6.2.4 The khipus and the stories of the natives translated 243
6.3 Native translations of Spanish literature 244
Conclusions 246
References 256
Index 284

Roberto A. Valdeón, Universidad De Oviedo/university Of Massachusetts Amherst. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 243-269) And Index.

2015-08-04