CONTENTS o. INTRODUCTION 1 0.1. The Carib language and its speakers . 1 0.1.1. Linguistic classification 1 0.1.2. Current terminology 1 0.1.3. Area of habitation 3 0.1.4. The number of Caribs . 15 0.2. The Surinam Caribs 16 0.2.1. Some historica1 notes 16 0.2.1.1. Trade and war 16 0.2.1.2. Missionary activities 20 0.2.2. The present situation 22 0.3. The study of Carib . 24 0.4. Field work 26 0.4.1. Duration and place. Dialectal difference . 26 0.4.2. The informants 26 0.4.3. Procedure 27 0.4.4. Theoretical background . 29 1. PHONOLOGY 31 1.1. The consonants 31 1.1.1. Allophonics . 31 1.1.1.1. The allophones 31 1.1.1.2. The rules of palatalization 39 1.1.1.3. The palatalizing vowels 41 1.1.1.4. Final remarks . 41 1.1.2. Distribution and contrast . 43 1.1.2.1. Voiced and voiceless stops 43 1.1.2.2. ~and~. 45 VIII THE CARIB LANGUAGE 1.1.2.3. The semivowels . 1.1.2.4. x and ~. . . . 1.1.2.5. The glottal fricative . 47 48 48 1.2. The vowels . 48 481.2.1. Allophonics. 1.2.1.1. Long and short monophthongs . 48 1.2.1.1.1. Open and half-open. 49 1.2.1.1.2. Close 50 1.2.1.2. Diphthongs 1.2.2. Distribution and contrast . 51 51 1.2.2.1. Long and short monophthongs . 51 1.2.2.2. Diphthongs . . . . . . 52 2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE WORD FORMS. 54 2.0. Introduction . . . . . . . 54 2.1. General ruies of word structure 57 2.1.1. Sequential rules . 57 2.1.1.1. Consonant sequences 57 2.1.1.1.1. Sequencesoftwoconsonants 57 2.1.1.1.2. Sequences of more than two consonants . . . . . . 61 2.1.1.1.3. Elision of a vowel in rapid speech 61 2.1.1.2. Vowel sequences. . . . . . . . 61 2.1.1.3. Sequences of consonant + vowel. . 64 2.1.1.4. Sequences of vowel + consonant or consonant cluster. . . . . . . . 65 2.1.1.4.1. Impossible sequences.. 65 2.1.1.4.2. Alternation of x with zero between i-diphthong and t or k . . . . . . . . 65 2.1.1.4.3. Alternation of vowel + x or vowel + ~ with long vowel . 2.1.2. Positional rules . 65 68 CONTENTS IX 2.1.2.1. Consonants 68 2.1.2.1.1. Initia! and medial position 68 2.1.2.1.2. Final position . 69 2.1.2.1.3. Position after first and 2.1.2.2. V owels . 2.1.2.2.1. 2.1.2.2.2. 2.1.2.2.3. 2.1.2.2.4. second vowel Initia! position . Media! position Fina! position . Final and penultimate posi- tion 2.1.3. Rules of vocalie structure . . . . 2.1.3.1. Voealie structure of words without 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 cluster and without diphthong. . . 72 2.1.3.2. Vocalie strueture of words with cluster, without diphthong . . . . 80 2.1.3.3. Vocalic struoture of words with a diphthong, wi,thout a cluster . 2.2. Disturbanee of the regular patterns . 2.2.1. Sequential rules . . . . . 2.2.2. Positional rules . . . . . 2.2.2.1. Clusters with a first component x or ~ in positions other than after the first 83 85 85 86 or the second vowel. . 86 2.2.2.2. Sequenee of vowels not 111 final and penultimate position . 87 2.2.3. Rules of vocalie structure. . 2.2.3.1. Words without a cluster, without a diphthong, in the vocalie structure of which two long vowels take a eonsecu- 88 tive position . . . . . . . . . 88 2.2.3.2. Words with cluster, without diphthong, with the vocalie structure -" + -- instead of - " - + -. . . . . 91 2.2.3.3. Words with cluster, without diphthong, eontaining one long vowel extra. 91 2.2.3.4. Other irregular patterns. . . . . 93 x TIIE eARl B LANGUAGE 2.3. Alternation of x, ;> and vowel length in two enclitics. 93 2.4. Sandhi . . 94 2.4.1. Shortening . 94 2.4.2. Assimilation 95 2.5. Accent . . . . 2.5.1. Rules of accentuation 2.5.2. Expressive accent 2.5.3. Accent in certain types of sentence. 96 96 102 102 3. MORPHOLOGY 105 3.0. Introdllction 105 3.1. Verbs 111 3.1.0. Introduotion 111 3.1.1. The monomorphematic category . 116 3.1.2. Syntactic categories . . . 117 3.1.2.1. The se- and rï-categories . 117 3.1.2.2. The categories with vowel-alternation ejo . . . . . . . 121 3.1.3. The polymorphematic categories. . . 3.1.3.1. Processes on the basis of l11onomor- phematic verbs, which may OCCllr in combination with all other verbal pro- cesses 3.1.3.1.1. 3.1.3.1.2. 3.1.3.1.3. 3.1.3.1.4. 3.1.3.1.5. 3.1.3.1.6. 3.1.3.1.7. 3.1.3.1.8. The we-category . The wos-category The potï-category The lwpï-category The ;>ma-category The po-category . The nopï-category Combination of the proces- ses discllssed in 3.1.3.1.1-8. 121 121 121 123 124 125 125 126 127 with each other . 127 3.1.3.2. A set of five personal prefixing pro- cesses and the processes in combination with which they can occur. . . . . 133 CONTENTS XI 3.1.3.2.1. The five personal categories 133 3.1.3.2.2. The mbo-category 136 3.1.3.2.3. The ni-category 137 3.1.3.2.4. The xpo-category 138 3.1.3.2.5. The xto-category . 139 3.1.3.2.6. The xpa-category 140 3.1.3.2.7. The topo-category 141 3.1.3.2.8. The netJ-category 141 3.1.3.2.9. The ne-categories 1-l1 3.1.3.2.10. The to-category 143 3.1.3.2.11. The mc-category . 144 3.1.3.2.12. The mï-category 146 3.1.3.2.13. The no-categories 147 3.1.3.2.14. Combination of the proces- ses discussed in 3.1.3.2.1-13. with each other 148 3.1.3.2.15. The ke- and the poro- category . 157 3.1.3.3. Personal prefixture combined with temporal and modal processes 158 3.1.3.3.0. Introduction 158 3.1.3.3.1. Personal prefix tu re 15fJ 3.1.3.3.2. Temporal/modal processes 169 3.1.3.3.2.1. The categories with -ya 169 3.1.3.3.2.2. The categories wi>th -take. 170 3.1.3.3.2.3. The categories with -yakoij 171 3.1.3.3.2.4. The categories with -yaine 172 3.1.3.3.2.5. The categories with -t0 2 172 3.1.3.3.2.6. The categories with diph- thongisation 172 3.1.3.3.2.7. The categories with -'3 173 3.1.3.3.2.8. The categories with -:se 174 3.1.3.3.2.9. The categories with -ri 175 3.1.3.3.2.10. The semantic correlations between the ca>tegories dis- cussed in 3.1.3.3.2.1-9. 175 3.1.3.3.3. The processes which must he combined with a personal XII THE CARIB LANGUAGE and a tempora! / modal pro- cess 179 3.1.3.3.3.1. The ne-categories 179 3.1.3.3.3.2. The interrogative catego- ries 183 3.1.3.3.3.3. Combination of the ne- process (plural) and the interrogative process 187 3.1.3.3.3.4. The tamï-categories 187 3.1.3.4. Personal prefixture 111 combination with the imperative or with the vetative process 188 3.1.3.4.0. Introduction 188 3.1.3.4.1. The categories formed by personal prefixture, in com- bination with -ko (impera- tive) or with diphthongisa- tion (vetative) . 188 3.1.3.4.1.1. Formation of the categories 188 3.1.3.4.1.2. Homonymy of vetative and optative/affirmative verbs 191 3.1.3.4.2. The processes which must be combined with personal prefixture and the impera- tive or the vetative process 193 3.1.3.4.2.1. The ne-caJtegories 193 3.1.3.4.2.2. The tamï-categories 194 3.1.3.4.2.3. Combination of the nc- and the tamï-process 195 3.1.3.5. The non-personal tï-process and the processes with which it may he com- bined. 195 3.1.3.5.1. The tï-category 195 3.1.3.5.2. The mbo2-category 197 3.1.3.5.3. The to 2 -category . 199 3.1.3.5.4. Semantic proportionality to categories discussed 111 3.1.3.3. 199 CONTENTS XIII 3.1.3.6. The non-personal toto-process, and the processes with which it may be com- bined. 200 3.1.3.6.1. Thc toto-category 200 3.1.3.6.2. The ne-category 200 3.1.3.6.3. The .rto- and the .rpa-cate- gory 201 3.1.3.7. The non-persollal no 2 -process 201 3.1.3.8. The transpositioll-process with -sene . 202 3.1.3.9. Combination of the voice- alld aspect- processes discussed in 3.1.3.1., with the other verbal processes . 203 3.1.4. The defective verb wa 'I am' . 212 3.2. Nouns 214 3.2.0. Introduction 214 3.2.1. Syntactic categories 214 3.2.1.1. Formation and sylltactic valence 214 3.2.1.2. N ominal word-groups . 219 3.2.2. Morphological categories 220 3.2.2.1. The five personal categories . 220 3.2.2.2. The mbo-category 222 3.2.2.3. The xpa-category 225 3.2.2.4. The ne-category . 227 3.2.2.5. The no-category . 229 3.2.2.6. The nano-category 229 3.2.2.7. Transposition to the verbs 232 3.2.2.7.1. Transposition to the intran- sitive verbs . 232 3.2.2.7.2. Transposition to the tral1- sitive verbs . 234 3.2.2.8. Transposition to the adjectives . 241 3.2.3. Combination of the nomina} processes with each other 245 3.2.4. The categories with -xto, mï-, -kepï, -po, as- . 247 3.3. Postpositions . 248 3.3.0. Introduction 248 3.3.1. The monomorphematic category . 249 XIV THE CARIB LANGUAGE 3.3.2. The five personal categories . 251 3.3.3. The as-category 252 3.3.4. The no-category 252 3.3.5. The ne-categories 253 3.3.6. The mbo-category 254 3.3.7. Combination of the postpositional processes with each other 255 3.3.8. Incidental forma ti ons 256 3.4. Adjectives . 259 3.4.0. Inltroduction 259 3.4.1. The monomorphematic category 259 3.4.2. The no-category 260 3.4.3. The ne-category 263 3.4.4. The mbo-category 264 3.4.5. Combination of the adjectival processes with each other 265 3.4.6. Incidental formations 265 3.4.7. Transpositiona~ adjectives . 268 3.5. Demonstratives 269 3.5.1. The monomorphematic demonstratives 269 3.5.2. The polymorphematic demonstratives . 275 3.5.2.1. The ba~-category 276 3.5.2.2. The mbo-category 276 3.5.2.3. The ne-category 277 3.5.2.4. Combination of the processes with each other 278 3.6. Numerals 279 3.6.0. Introduction 279 3.6.1. Monomorphematic and compound Iltll11erals . 279 3.6.2. Word-groups with ku:pona:ka . 281 3.6.3. Three categories with -pai. -mboto, -no. 282 3.6.4. Incidental formations 284 3.6.5. Concluding remarks . 285 4. TEXTS 289 4.1. Oriole 290 4.2. Kuru : pi as teacher . 290 4.3. De Goede Hoop. 4.4. The deputy-chief 4.5. Pecca.ry-girl . . 4.6. The abducted girl 4.7. Chicken father . CONTENTS 4.8. The descent at Iracoubo . 4.9. The killing of Pa :yawa:ru . 4.10. Eating snakes 4.11. The old woman . 4.12. The lost girl. . 4.13. The murderer 4.14. The red polishing stones . 4.15. The petroglyphs at Bigiston 4.16. A conversation . . . . . 5. WORD INDEX . xv 300 304 306 314 324 330 336 344 348 350 352 360 364 374 385

## Abstract What does the noun __Yaad__ in 1QS and related documents mean, and to what does it refer? In this article, which focuses on 1QS, it is suggested that the term __Yaad__ is best understood against the background of the expression “sitting together” as attested in 11QT^a^ 57:13 (about a council in session). Furthermore, regarding the question to what kind of organization the term refers, it is argued that two patterns are to be distinguished in 1QS, the first of which is comparable to the __demos__, the national assembly, as attested in 1 Maccabees, whereas the second one is marked by the emphasis on leading priests as guardians and interpreters of the Law. The conclusion is drawn that in 1QS the noun __Yaad__ does not refer to the movement at large, but to the community of the fully initiated (male) members who lived at several localities.

## All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm or any other 11leans without written permission from the publisher. ## PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. Name, Origin, Call CHAPTER 2. The Fourth Gospel.

s1......Page 1 s2......Page 13 s3......Page 30 s4......Page 53 s5......Page 88 s6......Page 114 s7......Page 119 s8......Page 122 s9......Page 125 s10......Page 127 s11......Page 130 s12......Page 133 s13......Page 136

## Abstract The article presents a document, a receipt of a ketubba and a waiver of claims, that bears the date “Year 4 of the Destruction of the House of Israel.” The counting is from after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, and the document thus would date to 140 c.e. The discussion consists of text, translation, notes on readings, commentary, and palaeographical description.

## Abstract The present paper explores the ways in which the authors of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees and the Aramaic Visions of Amram used the motif of a Canaanite-Egyptian war as they labored with the issues raised by the accounts at the end of Genesis and the beginning of Exodus. There is no clear indication that either writer used the work of the other; rather the war in question seems to have been a motif that was available to both when they composed their works and that each adopted and adapted independently.

## Abstract The recent economic crisis has brought to the fore another crisis that has been going on for many years, that of (orthodox) economic theory. The latter failed to predict and, after the event, cannot offer an explanation of why it happened. This article sketches out why this is the case and what constitutes the crisis of economics. On this basis, the case is made for the revival of an interdisciplinary political economy as the only way for offering an explanation of the workings of the (capitalist) economy in general and of economic crises in particular.

## Abstract Built in the early 9th century BCE, the Northwest Palace at Nimrud presented a new “imperial” architecture and iconography that was related to Assyrian expansionism at this time. Yet it also contained specific points of contact with the past via the royal Assyrian ancestors. A monument in the throneroom, the “center” of the state, provided the “public” view of this ideology, while one of the palace’s more secluded wings was devoted to the performance of ancestral cult. Through these and other means, rapid and fundamental socio-political change was accompanied by the idea of a logical and direct continuity with the history of Assyria.

## Abstract No single model of genre is adequate to inform all types of research questions. In this article six approaches to genre are briefly described. Then each is discussed in relation to how it has been or might be used in investigating the Qumran Hodayot.

## Abstract This essay reads Guy Debord’s theoretical work through its primary philosophical and theoretical influences, and in doing so draws attention to his concerns with time and history. These concerns are used as a means of clarifying Debord’s theory of ‘spectacle’ and of highlighting its virtues and failings. The essay uses Debord’s remarks on subjectivity and temporality to pursue the theoretical dimensions of his interest in strategy, and thereby addresses his Hegelian Marxism via his comments on the relation between strategy, history and dialectics. His concerns with temporality are, however, also shown to pertain to the theory of spectacle’s shortcomings as an account of capitalist society. The essay thus attempts to draw out some of the more-neglected foundational material upon which the theory of spectacle rests, contending that the former may be of greater contemporary interest than the latter.

In Histoires hafsides Sébastien Garnier studies the ifrīqiyan historiography of the Restoration (1370-1488). His translation of Ibn al-Šammāʻ's Adilla (scr. 1457) gives access to the quintessence of the sultanian project. The book explores the Banū Ḥafṣ' longevity through the mechanisms for the devolution of power, and the evolutions of the polity. It also analyses the paratextual tools mobilised by the authors, as well as the discourse elaborated to legitimise the court of Tunis along the following tryptic: the Almohad inheritance, the deeds of the sovereigns and the anathematisation of the enemy, the ʻarab . Dans les Histoires hafsides , Sébastien Garnier étudie l'historiographie ifrīqiyenne de la Restauration (1370-1488) Sa traduction des Adilla (scr. 1457) d'Ibn al-Šammāʻ donne accès à la quintessence du projet sultanien. L'ouvrage examine la longévité des Banū Ḥafṣ à travers les mécanismes de dévolution du pouvoir et les évolutions politiques du régime. Il analyse également les dispositifs paratextuels mobilisés par les auteurs, ainsi que le discours développé pour légitimer la cour tunisoise autour du tryptique suivant : l'héritage almohade, les actes souverains et l'anathématisation des ʻarab ennemis

## Abstract This paper investigates issues related to referent tracking in discourse, in particular whether and how contrastive focus interacts with other factors – in particular pronominalization and subjecthood – to influence comprehenders' and speakers' expectations about what entities will be referred to/mentioned in upcoming discourse. On the basis of data from two psycholinguistic experiments, I argue that to better understand the discourse-structuring effects of contrastive focus, we need to consider not only pronoun interpretation but also production-based questions having to do with choice of upcoming referent and choice of referential form. I suggest that looking at the discourse-level consequences of contrastive focus from the perspective of the comprehender as well as the perspective of the speaker (i) allows us to gain new insights about the effects of focus and the discourse-status of focus-induced alternatives, and (ii) highlights (potentially unexpected) asymmetries between likelihood of upcoming mention and likelihood of pronominalization.

## Abstract The class-struggle under capitalism is shaped by the fact that for capital, labour-power is merely a factor of production and source of profit, whereas for workers it is an element of their own lives. Given the centrality of labour-power to the accumulation of capital, it is surprising that Marx nowhere describes or analyses its production. The domestic-labour debate of the 1970s was a useful attempt to fill this gap, but left many issues unresolved. This article attempts to carry forward this theoretical task, using examples mainly from India, and to draw practical conclusions for the working-class struggle.

## Abstract This paper reexamines ND 2443+, a Neo-Assyrian administrative record excavated at Calah in 1952, and first published by Barbara Parker in 1961 (Iraq 23, pp. 27-28). A new translation of this important text is presented, followed by a few notes and a discussion on the relation between the Israelite exile Hilqī-Iāu, and the city Sagbat/Bīt-Sagbat in Media. The text should be dated to the last years of Tiglath-pileser III since it mentions Bēl-Harrān-bēlu-usur, the nāgir ekalli, first appointed ca. 775 B.C., and the Israelites Hilqī-Iāu and Gir-Iāu, probably exiled from Israel after the 733-732 B.C. campaign. In light of the new interpretation of ND 2443+ the issue of “the cities of Media” (1 Kgs 17:6; 18:14) is reconsidered, and it is suggested that ND 2443+ indicates the deportation of Israelites to Media in the last years of Tiglath-pileser III.

## Abstract Although conclusions must to some extent remain provisional, enough is known about the inscriptions from Kuntillet 'Ajrud which were written on plaster for an estimate of their significance to be made. If the portion of text which can be studied on a photograph is typical, the script includes both Hebrew and Phoenician letters and indicates a link with north Palestine or with an area with which the Phoenicians traded. Meshel's opinion that the language of these inscriptions is Hebrew is justified. The way in which one text speaks of El, or God, is not in accordance with what is known about Phoenician practice, but is consistent with the usage of the Old Testament. Thus in this text El and Baal are not Phoenician gods. It is likely that information about the men who were in charge of this site can be deduced from these texts: they were from north Palestine.

Evangelical Christian inerrantist scholars consistently maximize the extent of literary reading and writing abilities in ancient Israel, especially beyond scribes, priests, and other elites or professionals. How they frame the issues, handle the data, represent their work as academic historical research, and engage in certain recurring patterns of argumentation invites analysis. This article analyzes the publications of inerrantist scholars on Israelite literacy, in particular Alan Millard and Richard Hess, as examples of inerrantist discourse and argues that their scholarship on Israelite literacy is characterized by protective strategies that privilege biblical claims. The article thus aims to explore part of the historiography of scholarship on Israelite literacy, to provide an accurate account of what precisely inerrantist scholars are doing in their publications on the topic, and to reframe inerrantist scholarship on Israelite literacy as data for the study of religion.

This volume makes available to the scholarly world the Otot ha-Shamayim , Samuel Ibn Tibbon's Hebrew version of Aristotle's Meteorology , completed in 1210. This treatise, based on the Arabic paraphrase of the Meteorology by Ibn al-Bitriq, was the first Aristotelian work to be translated into Hebrew. As it contains quotations from the lost Arabic translation of Alexander of Aphrodisias' commentary on the Meteorology and from Ibn Rushd's commentary, it provides a more complete picture of Aristotle's text than the Arabic paraphrase. The present volume contains a critical edition of Ibn Tibbon's text as well as an English translation and an extensive introduction. In addition to contributing to our knowledge of the history of the transmission of the Aristotelian text, the present book is of major importance for the study of medieval Jewish philosophy

The contributions to this volume trace for the first time how the modern Jewish reception of Josephus, the ancient historian who witnessed and described the destruction of the Second Temple, took shape within different scholarly, religious, literary and political contexts across the Jewish world, from Amsterdam to Berlin, Vilna, Breslau, New York and Tel Aviv. The chapters show how the vagaries of his tumultuous life, spent between a small rebellious nation and the ruling circles of a vast empire, between Jewish and non-Jewish cultures, and between political action and historical reflection have been re-imagined by Jewish readers over the past three centuries in their attempts to make sense of their own times.'The project and this volume can encourage greater awareness of the complex origins of Josephus'controversial reputation as a Jewish priest, diplomat in Rome, military leader of the first Jewish revolt against the Romans, as an advocate for surrender to imperial forces, as a witness to the Hurban, as a citizen of Rome, and as a historian....Recommended highly for all Jewish and academic libraries.'- David B Levy, Touro College, NYC, in: Association of Jewish Libraries News and Review 1.2 (2019)

Russian Orthodoxy and Secularism surveys the ways in which the Russian Orthodox Church has negotiated its relationship with the secular state, with other religions, and with Western modernity from its beginnings until the present. It applies multiple theoretical perspectives and draws on different disciplinary approaches to explain the varied and at times contradictory facets of Russian Orthodoxy as a state church or as a critic of the state, as a lived religion or as a civil religion controlled by the state, as a source of dissidence during Communism or as a reservoir of anti-Western, anti-modernist ideas that celebrate the uniqueness and superiority of the Russian nation. Kristina Stoeckl argues that, three decades after the fall of Communism, the period of post-Soviet transition is over for Russian Orthodoxy and that the Moscow Patriarchate has settled on its role as national church and provider of a new civil religion of traditional values.

## Preface as its direct object, while in (lb), which does not imply that she necessarily reached the top, it is presented in a position more removed from the verb, not as its direct object, but in construction with a motional preposition. Each of the papers in this collection addresses itself to some facet of this issue of the decisions speakers make about how to present events and situations with respect to their participants, and the grammatical consequences of such decisions. Scholars pursuing questions of discourse, universal grammer, language typology, semantics, and grammatical description and theory will find much here to ponder and to respond to; we offer Studies in Transitivity in the spirit of furthering dialogue and discovery.

What rules of international law make the individual, even a Head of State, responsible for perpetrating serious human rights violations, such as war crimes, torture or genocide? This question is becoming more critical in our increasingly interdependent world, and the recent invasion of Kuwait and the brutalization of its people by Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein has heated up the debate even further. The author argues that a new rule of international law stipulating individual responsibility for all serious human rights violations is currently emerging. To show how this is coming about, he explores relevant norms in classic laws of war, international humanitarian law and modern international human rights law and surveys patterns in their implementation. He then takes account of codification efforts of the International Law Commission, the changing position of the individual in international law, and other important developments in the context of general international law as an evolving system.