__Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar__ is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The __Grammar__ is an essential reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level. It is ideal for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types and will remain the standard reference work for years to come.The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers.An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require.Features include: \* thorough and comprehensive coverage of the modern language\* use of script and romanisation throughout\* detailed treatment of common grammatical structures and parts of speech\* extensive and wide-ranging use of examples\* particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty

Dieses Werk ist als wissenschaftlich fundierte und dennoch allgemein verständliche und praktische Darstellung der Grammatik der modernen chinesischen Sprache konzipiert. Die Erklärungen wurden mit einer großen Zahl von Beispielen illustriert, um das Verständnis zu erleichtern; notwendige grammatische Theorien werden nicht ausgelassen. Besonders Augenmerk wurde auf die Schwierigkeiten beim Erlernen des Chinesischen als Fremdsprache gelegt. Alle Beispiele sind sowohl in chinesischen Zeichen als auch in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn 汉语拼音, der offiziellen Lateinumschrift, angegeben.

Malixun Zhu = A Grammar Of The Chinese Language & A Grammar Of The English Language / Robert Morrison.. Prefaces Also In Chinese. First Title Originally Published: Serampore : Mission-press, 1815; Second Title Originally Published: Macao : East India Company's Press, 1823. Preface Also In Chinese. 马礼逊著 = A Grammar Of The Chinese Language & A Grammar Of The English Language / Robert Morrison. Contents: A Grammar Of The Chinese Language 通用汉言之法 (serampore : Printed At The Mission-press, 1815) -- A Grammar Of The English Language For The Use Of The Anglo-chinese College 英國文語凡例傳 (macao, China : East India Company's Press, 1823)

Zhao Yuanren Zhu ; Ding Bangxin Yi. Includes Indexes. Bibliography: P. 407-412. 趙元任著; 丁邦新譯.

1 (p1): 第一章 绪论 1 (p1-1): 1.1 文法 7 (p1-2): 1.2 中国话 11 (p1-3): 1.3 语音 33 (p2): 第二章 句子 33 (p2-1): 2.1 概说 35 (p2-2): 2.2 小型句 38 (p2-3): 2.3 完整句的结构 40 (p2-4): 2.4 主语跟谓语的文法意义 43 (p2-5): 2.5 逻辑谓语 45 (p2-6): 2.6 主语跟谓语作为问话跟答话 46 (p2-7): 2.7 由小型句构成的完整句 46 (p2-8): 2.8 主语的类型 48 (p2-9): 2.9 谓语的类型 52 (p2-10): 2.10 完整句(主-谓式)谓语 57 (p2-11): 2.11 复合句 59 (p2-12): 2.12 复句 67 (p2-13): 2.13 兼语结构 69 (p2-14): 2.14 想好跟没想好的句子 73 (p3): 第三章 词跟语位 73 (p3-1): 3.1 概说 77 (p3-2): 3.2 独用跟连用语式 79 (p3-3): 3.3 节律 84 (p3-4): 3.4 替代跟分离 87 (p3-5): 3.5 功能架构中的词 91 (p3-6): 3.6 词作意义的单位 93 (p3-7): 3.7 词跟语位的同一性 101 (p3-8): 3.8 造句词的定义跟辨认 104 (p3-9): 3.9 似词单位要略表 107 (p4): 第四章 构词类型 107 (p4-1): 4.1 概说 109 (p4-2): 4.2 重叠 116 (p4-3): 4.3 词头 120 (p4-4): 4.4 词尾 138 (p4-5): 4.5 插词 139 (p5): 第五章 造句类型 139 (p5-1): 5.1 词语跟结构 141 (p5-2): 5.2 并列式 147 (p5-3): 5.3 主从式 160 (p5-4): 5.4 动-宾式结构 172 (p5-5): 5.5 连动式 183 (p5-6): 5.6 动-补式结构 189 (p6): 第六章 复合词 189 (p6-1): 6.1 复合词的性质跟分类 194 (p6-2): 6.2 主-谓式复合词 195 (p6-3): 6.3 并列复合词 200 (p6-4): 6.4 主从复合词 214 (p6-5): 6.5 动-宾式复合词 222 (p6-6): 6.6 动-补式复合词 243 (p6-7): 6.7 复杂复合词 251 (p7): 第七章 词类:体词 251 (p7-1): 7.1 词类概说 257 (p7-2): 7.2 名词 260 (p7-3): 7.3 专有名称 263 (p7-4): 7.4 地方词 270 (p7-5): 7.5 时间词 278 (p7-6): 7.6 定-量式复合词 284 (p7-7): 7.7 名-方式复合词 284 (p7-8): 7.8 定词 295 (p7-9): 7.9 量词 312 (p7-10): 7.10 方位词 315 (p7-11): 7.11 代名词 330 (p7-12): 7.12 别的代词 333 (p8): 第八章 动词跟别的词类 333 (p8-1): 8.1 动词(包括形容词) 373 (p8-2): 8.2 介词 382 (p8-3): 8.3 副词 391 (p8-4): 8.4 连接词 394 (p8-5): 8.5 语助词 403 (p8-6): 8.6 感叹词 407 (p9): 参考书目 413 (p10): 索引 454 (p11): 声调拼法撮要 455 (p12): 译後记 13 (p13): 表一 声母 14 (p14): 表二 韵母 19 (p15): 表三 各调韵母 21 (p16): 表四 音节类型 27 (p17): 表五 卷舌韵母 105 (p18): 表六 语位 106 (p19): 表七 语位群 191...

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar provides an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume.The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: Communication strategies Making comparisons Giving and seeking information Expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples, with a strong focus on contemporary usage.Main features of the grammar include: Examples given in simplified characters, traditional characters and romanization (pinyin) Clear explanations and accessible descriptions Particular attention to areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the Grammar, this second edition has been revised throughout to offer expanded explanations, examples, cross-referencing, and indexing and brand new chapters on aspect, resultative verbs, directional verbs and'ba'sentences. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. This Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook (978-0-415-83488-9; available for separate purchase) which features related exercises and activities.

__Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar__ is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The __Grammar__ is an essential reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level. It is ideal for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types and will remain the standard reference work for years to come.The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers.An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require.Features include: \* thorough and comprehensive coverage of the modern language\* use of script and romanisation throughout\* detailed treatment of common grammatical structures and parts of speech\* extensive and wide-ranging use of examples\* particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty

An Innovative Reference Guide To Mandarin Chinese Combining Traditional And Function-based Grammar. Part A Covers Traditional Grammatical Categories: Phrase Order, Nouns, Verbs And Specifiers. Part B Is Organised Around Language Functions And Situations Such As: Communcation Strategies, Making Comparisons, Giving And Seeking Information Etc. Main Features Include: Examples In Pinyin, Simplified And Traditional Characters, Clear Explanations, And Accessible Descriptions. Suitable For Self-study, Building Vocabulary, And Developing Grammar, Writing, And Reading Skills. 1. Overview Of Pronunciation And Pinyin Romanization -- 2. Syllable, Meaning, And Word -- 3. The Chinese Writing System: An Overview -- 4. Grammatical Categories, Grammatical Terms, And Basic Phrase Order -- 5. Nouns -- 6. Numbers -- 7. Specifiers And Demonstratives -- 8. Classifiers -- 9. Noun Phrases -- 10. Adjectival Verbs -- 11. Stative Verbs -- 12. Modal Verbs -- 13. Action Verbs -- 14. Prepositions And Prepositional Phrases -- 15. Adverbs -- 16. Conjunctions -- 17. Passive -- 18. Names, Kinship Terms, Titles, And Terms Of Address -- 19. Introductions -- 20. Greetings And Goodbyes -- 21. Basic Strategies For Communication -- 22. Telecommunications And E-communications: Telephones, The Internet, Beepers, And Faxes -- 23. Negating Information -- 24. Asking Questions And Replying To Questions -- 25. Expressing Identification, Possession, And Existence -- 26. Describing People, Places, And Things -- 27. Describing How Actions Are Performed --^ 28. Indicating Result, Conclusion, Potential, And Extent -- 29. Making Comparisons -- 30. Talking About The Present -- 31. Talking About Habitual Actions -- 32. Talking About The Future -- 33. Indicating Completion And Talking About The Past -- 34. Talking About Change, New Situations, And Changing Situations -- 35. Talking About Duration And Frequency -- 36. Expressing Additional Information -- 37. Expressing Contrast -- 38. Expressing Sequence -- 39. Expressing Simultaneous Situations -- 40. Expressing Cause And Effect Or Reason And Result -- 41. Expressing Conditions -- 42. Expressing Both, All, Every, Any, None, Not Any, And No Matter How -- 43. Expressing Location And Distance -- 44. Talking About Movement, Directions, And Means Of Transportation -- 45. Talking About Clock Time And Calendar Time -- 46. Expressing Obligation And Prohibitions -- 47. Expressing Commands And Permission -- 48. Expressing Ability And Possibility --^ 49. Expressing Desires, Needs, Preferences, And Willingness -- 50. Expressing Knowledge, Advice, And Opinions -- 51. Expressing Fear Or Worry -- 52. Expressing Speaker Attitudes And Perspectives -- 53. Topic, Focus, And Emphasis -- 54. Guest And Host -- 55. Giving And Responding To Compliments -- 56. Expressing Satisfaction And Dissatisfaction -- 57. Expressing Gratitude And Responding To Expressions Of Gratitude -- 58. Invitations, Requests, And Refusals -- 59. Expressing Apologies, Regrets, And Sympathy -- 60. Expressing Congratulations And Good Wishes Claudia Ross And Jing-heng Sheng Ma. Includes Index.

Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?Fortunately for you, there's Schaum's Outlines. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This Schaum's Outline gives you: Practice problems with full explanations that reinforce knowledge Coverage of the most up-to-date developments in your course field In-depth review of practices and applications Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time-and get your best test scores! Schaum's Outlines-Problem Solved.

__Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar__ is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar.It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The __Grammar__ is an essential reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level. It is ideal for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types and will remain the standard reference work for years to come.The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers.An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require.Features include: \* thorough and comprehensive coverage of the modern language\* use of script and romanisation throughout\* detailed treatment of common grammatical structures and parts of speech\* extensive and wide-ranging use of examples\* particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty

Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time? Fortunately for you, there's Schaum's Outlines. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This Schaum's Outline gives you: Practice problems with full explanations that reinforce knowledge Coverage of the most up-to-date developments in your course field In-depth review of practices and applications Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time-and get your best test scores! Schaum's Outlines-Problem Solved.

Chinese, the principle language of eastern Asia, is spoken by more people than any other language in the world. It is one of the five official languages of the United Nations, and in light of recent liberalizing influences on the Mainland, is likely to gain even more importance as an international means of communication. Modern A Second Course comprises Lessons 3172 of a course in modern Mandarin Chinese prepared by the Faculty of Peking University. Dover published the first volume (Lessons 130) and its widely recognized superiority (used by Harvard University in preference to more recent editions) has prompted the publication of this second volume. Building on the foundation of grammar provided in Volume One, the present volume extends and deepens the student's knowledge of Chinese grammar, in particular, the structure of basic sentence patterns and complementary particles. Each lesson supplies new vocabulary words and grammatical rules which are then used in illustrative sentences and reading texts. In the original edition, no translations of this material were supplied after Lesson 13. In the present edition, however, all these sentences have been translated by the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. On the other hand, the original edition repeated all the phonetic and grammatical rules i.e., all the basic text in Chinese, for the use of teachers in China. In this edition, the Chinese version of this material has been omitted and only the English version retained. The transcription system used in this book is the official pun yin of Mainland China. For those readers acquainted with one or both of the two most important earlier transcription systems, Yale and Wade, a comparative table has been provided. Appendixes also include a review of basic grammar, a complete glossary, tables of combined and simplified characters, and rules for the separate writing of words.

1 (p0-1): 目录 1 (p0-2): 赵元任先生小传 胡明扬 1 (p0-3): 中国话的文法 3 (p0-4): 序 7 (p0-5): 表目录 8 (p0-6): 凡例 8 (p0-7): 1.采用的字体 10 (p0-8): 2.语义的解释 10 (p0-9): 3.符号 15 (p0-10): 第一章 绪论 15 (p0-11): 1.1 文法 26 (p0-12): 1.2 中国话 32 (p0-13): 1.3 语音 69 (p0-14): 第二章 句子 69 (p0-15): 2.1 概说 72 (p0-16): 2.2 小型句 77 (p0-17): 2.3 完整句的结构 80 (p0-18): 2.4 主语跟谓语的文法意义 86 (p0-19): 2.5 逻辑谓语 88 (p0-20): 2.6 主语跟谓语作为问话跟答话 90 (p0-21): 2.7 由小型句构成的完整句 91 (p0-22): 2.8 主语的类型 94 (p0-23): 2.9 谓语的类型 100 (p0-24): 2.10 完整句(主—谓式)谓语 107 (p0-25): 2.11 复合句 111 (p0-26): 2.12 复句 124 (p0-27): 2.13 兼语结构 128 (p0-28): 2.14 想好跟没想好的句子 134 (p0-29): 第三章 词跟语位 134 (p0-30): 3.1 概说 141 (p0-31): 3.2 独用跟连用语式 144 (p0-32): 3.3 节律 152 (p0-33): 3.4 替代跟分离 158 (p0-34): 3.5 功能架构中的词 163 (p0-35): 3.6 词作意义的单位 167 (p0-36): 3.7 词跟语位的同一性 180 (p0-37): 3.8 造句词的定义跟辨认 185 (p0-38): 3.9 似词单位要略表 189 (p0-39): 第四章 构词类型 189 (p0-40): 4.1 概说 193 (p0-41): 4.2 重叠 204 (p0-42): 4.3 词头 210 (p0-43): 4.4 词尾 241 (p0-44): 4.5 插词 241 (p0-45): 第五章 造句类型 241 (p0-46): 5.1 词语跟结构 245 (p0-47): 5.2 并列式 254 (p0-48): 5.3 主从式 276 (p0-49): 5.4 动—宾式结构 296 (p0-50): 5.5 连动式 314 (p0-51): 5.6 动—补式结构 322 (p0-52): 第六章 复合词 322 (p0-53): 6.1 复合词的性质跟分类 330 (p0-54): 6.2 主—谓式复合词 333 (p0-55): 6.3 并列复合词 340 (p0-56): 6.4 主从复合词 364 (p0-57): 6.5 动—宾式复合词 379 (p0-58): 6.6 动—补式复合词 412 (p0-59): 6.7 复杂复合词 424 (p0-60): 7.1 词类概说 424 (p0-61): 第七章 词类:体词 433 (p0-62): 7.2 名词 439 (p0-63): 7.3 专有名称 444 (p0-64): 7.4 地方词 453 (p0-65): 7.5 时间词 466 (p0-66): 7.6 定—量式复合词 475 (p0-67): 7.7 名—方式复合词 475 (p0-68): 7.8 定词 493 (p0-69): 7.9 量词 521 (p0-70): 7.10 方位词 526 (p0-71): 7.11 代名词 551 (p0-72): 7.12 别的代词 555 (p0-73): 8.1 动词(包括形容词) 555 (p0-74): 第八章 动词跟别的词类 622 (p0-75): 8.2 介词 636 (p0-76): 8.3 副词 652 (p0-77): 8.4 连接词 656...

Dieses Werk ist als wissenschaftlich fundierte und dennoch allgemein verständliche und praktische Darstellung der Grammatik der modernen chinesischen Sprache konzipiert. Die Erklärungen wurden mit einer großen Zahl von Beispielen illustriert, um das Verständnis zu erleichtern; notwendige grammatische Theorien werden nicht ausgelassen. Besonders Augenmerk wurde auf die Schwierigkeiten beim Erlernen des Chinesischen als Fremdsprache gelegt. Alle Beispiele sind sowohl in chinesischen Zeichen als auch in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn 汉语拼音, der offiziellen Lateinumschrift, angegeben.

1 (p1): 第一卷1 (p1-1): 一 绪论3 (p1-1-1): (一)比丘林的汉语研究及《汉文启蒙》的成书13 (p1-1-2): (二)《汉文启蒙》研究概述17 (p1-2): 二 《汉文启蒙》对汉字的相关论述17 (p1-2-1): (一)文字概说19 (p1-2-2): (二)六书22 (p1-2-3): (三)汉字的部首23 (p1-2-4): (四)汉字的书写规则36 (p1-2-5): (五)汉字的字体38 (p1-2-6): (六)汉字的使用39 (p1-2-7): (七)汉语的标点符号41 (p1-3): 三 《汉文启蒙》记录的汉语语音系统41 (p1-3-1): (一)汉语声母47 (p1-3-2): (二)汉语韵母50 (p1-3-3): (三)重音法53 (p1-3-4): (四)汉语音素的发音特点54 (p1-3-5): (五)汉语音素与俄语音素的对应情况55 (p1-3-6): (六)蒙汉对译举例57 (p1-3-7): (七)汉语的记音方式59 (p1-4): 四 《汉文启蒙》的语法体系59 (p1-4-1): (一)词类的划分原则64 (p1-4-2): (二)词类98 (p1-4-3): (三)句法111 (p1-5): 五 《汉文启蒙》语音系统的历史地位111 (p1-5-1): (一)《汉文启蒙》与明清时期外国传教士制定的拉丁字母式汉语拼音方案118 (p1-5-2): (二)《汉文启蒙》与清末切音字运动132 (p1-6): 六 《汉文启蒙》语法系统与《马氏文通》132 (p1-6-1): (一)词类135 (p1-6-2): (二)句法142 (p1-6-3): (三)《汉文启蒙》语法体系的特殊贡献147 (p1-7): 附录147 (p1-8): 原书目录149 (p2): 第二卷149 (p2-1): 《汉文启蒙》原著及汉语译文336 (p2-2): 原著附录423 (p2-3): 主要参考文献424 (p2-4): 后记 "汉文启蒙"是俄国汉学奠基人比丘林最重要的汉语研究著作, 由俄语写成.从1832年至1908年多次出版.他因这部书而获得彼得堡皇家科学院杰米多夫奖金(1832-1865年俄国最高科学荣誉奖).1829年, 比丘林当选为彼得堡科学院通讯院士." 研究"这部书稿分两卷, 第一卷是对"汉文启蒙"内容的研究.包括:比丘林的生平及其学术成就介绍和"汉文启蒙"的成书过程 本书分两卷, 第一卷是对 内容的研究.包括:比丘林的生平及其学术成就介绍和 的成书过程

First published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

__Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook__ is a book of exercises and language tasks for all learners of Mandarin Chinese. Divided into two sections, the Workbook initially provides exercises based on essential grammatical structures, and moves on to practice everyday functions such as making introductions, apologizing and expressing needs. With an extensive answer key at the back to enable students to check on their progress, main features include: * exercises at various levels of challenge for a broad range of learners * cross-referencing to the related __Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar__ * a comprehensive index to exercises alphabetically arranged in terms of structures, functions, and key Chinese structure vocabulary. This second edition also offers a revised and expanded selection of exercises including new task-based exercises. __Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook__ is ideal for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, from beginner to intermediate and advanced students. It can be used both independently and alongside the __Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar__ (978-0-415-82714-0), which is also published by Routledge.

This volume explores the implications of Chinese for linguistic theory building and for the field of second language acquisition. Bringing together selected papers from the first International Symposium on Chinese Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, it sheds light upon under-documented topics in a variety of areas within theoretical and applied research. The topics covered here include competing approaches within optimality theory to phonological opacity, formal solutions to puzzles in Shanghainese morphosyntax, and different approaches to polarity items and presentational sentences in Chinese. With regard to applied linguistics, the contributions in this volume address challenges in the acquisition of Chinese phonology by L1 Danish speakers as well as the acquisition of the Mandarin ba construction by Cantonese learners, and the expression of social judgements in the L1 and L2. Taken together, the papers in this volume contribute to the empirical documentation of aspects of the Chinese language and its acquisition, as well as helping to unpack the significance of Chinese for mainstream linguistic theory. Dr Dongyan Chen obtained her PhD from Newcastle University, UK, and has held lectureships in Linguistics and Chinese in China and the UK. She also serves as the Honorary President of the International Symposium on Chinese Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. Her research interests are stage-like development of L2 morpho-syntax from the generative perspective, teaching English and Chinese as an L2, and Chinese/English acquisition in a bilingual/multilingual context. Dr Daniel Bell completed his dissertation on the Xining Mandarin dialect at Newcastle University, UK. He has since worked at various universities in the UK, preparing international students for their degree programmes by providing language and research skills training. His research interests include Chinese syntax, contact-induced language change, and academic writing in a second language.

YUFA! A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MANDARIN CHINESE GRAMMAR takes a unique approach to explaining the major topics of Mandarin Chinese grammar. By providing examples that are rooted in realistic situations, the author shows you how grammar is used in everyday life. The book features:Chinese characters, pinyin and English translationsRealistic scenarios to provide you with an interesting context in which to learn grammarVaried and imaginative exercises so you can review your progress easily.The book is presented in two sections: the core structures of Chinese grammar, and the practical use of the Chinese language.The combination of these straightforward descriptions and numerous exercises throughout the book makes this one of the clearest and most comprehensive pedagogical grammars available.

Chinese: An Essential Grammar is a clear and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use in today's Chinese. The grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Chinese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. The book sets out the complexities of Chinese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and free from jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by native speakers today. Features include: copious examples to illustrate language points detailed contents list and index for easy access to information two glossaries: one of grammatical terms and one of Chinese characters

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar provides an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: Communication strategies Making comparisons Giving and seeking information Expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples, with a strong focus on contemporary usage. Main features of the grammar include: Examples given in simplified characters, traditional characters and romanization (pinyin) Clear explanations and accessible descriptions Particular attention to areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the Grammar, this second edition has been revised throughout to offer expanded explanations, examples, cross-referencing, and indexing and brand new chapters on aspect, resultative verbs, directional verbs and "ba" sentences. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. This Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook (978-0-415-83488-9) which features related exercises and activities.

YUFA! A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MANDARIN CHINESE GRAMMAR takes a unique approach to explaining the major topics of Mandarin Chinese grammar. By providing examples that are rooted in realistic situations, the author shows you how grammar is used in everyday life. The book features:Chinese characters, pinyin and English translationsRealistic scenarios to provide you with an interesting context in which to learn grammarVaried and imaginative exercises so you can review your progress easily.The book is presented in two sections: the core structures of Chinese grammar, and the practical use of the Chinese language.The combination of these straightforward descriptions and numerous exercises throughout the book makes this one of the clearest and most comprehensive pedagogical grammars available.

Grammaticalization and lexicalization have been two major issues in the study of diachronic change in the past few decades. Drawing evidence from Western languages, researchers have uncovered a number of characteristics of the process of grammaticalization and lexicalization, as well as the relationship between the two. However, the question remains whether or not those characteristics are applicable to genetically unrelated and typologically different languages, such as Chinese. The contributors of this volume attempt to answer just this question. Based on Chinese historical data from the past three thousand years, five articles in the volume investigate the development of a certain grammatical category: the definite article (M. Fang), modal verbs of volition (A. Peyraube and M. Li), the classifier class (J.Z. Xing), the repeater class (C. Zhang), and the process of lexicalization (X. Dong), while the remaining four articles are case studies of unique grammatical words which have all undergone a complicated process of grammaticalization and some involved lexicalization: the sentence particle __ye__ (Q. Chen), the versatile directional verb __lái__ (C. Liu), the degree adverb __hen__ (M. Liu and C. Chang), and the giving verb __gei__ (F. Tsao). All these studies have identified tendencies of diachronic change in Chinese and some of them have also revealed certain typological characteristics that Chinese has compared to other languages.

Contents note continued: 25.7. Providing information about the identification of Chinese characters -- 25.8. Signaling that you are following the speaker -- 25.9. Interrupting a speaker -- 25.10. Using fillers -- 25.11. Formal development of a topic -- 26. Telecommunications and e-communications: telephones, the internet, and faxes -- 26.1. Making and receiving phone calls; sending and receiving faxes and email messages -- 26.2. Dialing a number and entering a number -- 26.3. Using the internet -- 26.4. Telephone etiquette -- 26.5. Writing and reciting phone numbers and fax numbers -- 27. Negating information -- 27.1. Negation of verbs and verb phrases -- 21.2. The relative order of negation and adverbs -- 27.3. Words that occur with negation -- 27.4.bu in resultative and directional verbs -- 27.5. Literary markers of negation: wu and fei -- 28. Asking questions and replying to questions -- 28.1. Yes-no questions -- 28.2. Asking for agreement.;Machine generated contents note: pt. A Structures -- 1. Overview of pronunciation and Pinyin romanization -- 1.1. The Mandarin syllable -- 1.2. Pinyin romanization -- 2. Syllable, meaning, and word -- 2.1. The special status of the Mandarin syllable -- 2.2. Multi-syllable tendency in Mandarin words -- 2.3. Word-specific tone changes -- 2.4. Change to neutral tone -- 2.5. Incorporating foreign words and naming foreign objects -- 3. The Chinese writing system: an overview -- 3.1. Traditional and simplified characters -- 3.2. The structure of Chinese characters: the radical and the phonetic -- 3.3. The traditional classification of characters -- 3.4. Character stroke order: bishun -- 4. Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence -- 4.1. Basic phrase order -- 4.2. The position of direct and indirect objects -- 4.3. The position of prepositional phrases -- 4.4. The position of location phrases -- 4.5. The position of 'time when' phrases.;Contents note continued: 34. Talking about the present -- 34.1. Time expressions that indicate present time -- 34.2. Using zai and zhengzai to indicate ongoing actions in present time -- 34.3. Using the final particle ne to indicate ongoing situations in present time -- 34.4. Using zhe to emphasize ongoing duration or an ongoing state in the present time -- 34.5. Indicating present time by context -- 34.6. Negation in present time situations -- 34.7. Talking about actions that begin in the past and continue to the present -- 34.8. Describing situations that are generally true -- 35. Talking about habitual actions -- 35.1. Expressing habitual time with the word mei 'every/each' -- 35.2. Expressing habitual time with tiantian and niannian -- 35.3. Adverbs that describe habitual action -- 36. Talking about the future -- 36.1. Time words that refer to future time -- 36.2. Adverbs that refer to future time -- 36.3. Indicating future time with the modal verb hui.;Contents note continued: 7.4. Question words that correspond to specifiers -- 8. Classifiers -- 8.1. The structure of phrases involving classifiers -- 8.2. Choosing the classifier -- 8.3. Omission of the head noun -- 8.4. Classifiers that occur without a noun -- 8.5. Money and prices -- 9. Noun phrases -- 9.1. Modifying a noun with a specifier and/or number -- 9.2. Modifying a noun with all other modifiers: modification with de -- 9.3. Omission of the particle de -- 9.4. Noun modifiers in a series -- 9.5. Omission of the head noun -- 9.6. Modification with Z zhi -- 10. Adjectival verbs -- 10.1. Negation of adjectival verbs -- 10.2. Yes--no questions with adjectival verbs -- 10.3. Modification by intensifiers -- 10.4. Two-syllable preference -- 10.5.Comparative meaning -- 10.6. Superlative meaning -- 10.7. Adjectival verbs and comparison structures -- 10.8. Linking adjectival verbs -- 10.9. Adjectival verbs and expressions that indicate change over time -- 10.10. Adjectival verbs and sentence final le.;Contents note continued: 62.1. Invitations -- 62.2. Requests -- 62.3. Refusals -- 62.4. Abandoning a request -- 63. Expressing apologies, regrets, sympathy, and bad news -- 63.1. Apologies and regrets -- 63.2. Expressing sympathy -- 63.3. Conveying bad news -- 64. Expressing congratulations and good wishes -- 64.1. General expressions of congratulations and good wishes -- 64.2. Fixed phrases of congratulations and good wishes for special events -- 64.3. Replying to expressions of congratulations and good wishes.;Contents note continued: 31. Describing how actions are performed -- 31.1. Describing the general or past performance of an action with a manner adverbial phrase -- 31.2. Asking about the performance of an action -- 31.3. Describing the performance of an entire action with an adverbial modifier -- 32. Indicating result, conclusion, potential, and extent -- 32.1. Indicating the result or conclusion of an action with resultative verbs -- 32.2. Indicating the ability to reach a conclusion or result: the potential infixes de and bu -- 32.3. Summary of the functions of resultative verbs -- 32.4. Indicating the ability to perform the verb: the potential suffixes deliao and buliao -- 32.5. Resultative suffixes with special meanings or properties -- 32.6. Indicating the extent or result of a situation -- 33. Making comparisons -- 33.1. Similarity -- 33.2. Difference -- 33.3. More than -- 33.4. Less than -- 33.5.Comparative degree -- 33.6. Superlative degree -- 33.7. Relative degree.;Contents note continued: 4.6. The relative order of the 'time when' phrase and the location phrase -- 4.7. The position of adverbs -- 4.8. The position of negation -- 4.9. The position of duration phrases -- 4.10. Order within the noun phrase -- 4.11. Phrase order in questions -- 4.12. The position of aspect particles -- 5. Nouns -- 5.1.Common nouns -- 5.2. Pronouns -- 5.3. Proper nouns -- 6. Numbers -- 6.1. Mandarin numbers 0--99 -- 6.2. Number 100 and higher -- 6.3. Formal characters for numbers -- 6.4. Ordinal numbers -- 6.5. Estimates and approximations -- 6.6. Fractions, percentages, decimals, half, and multiples -- 6.7. Lucky and unlucky numbers -- 6.8. Numbers used in phrases and expressions -- 6.9.yi as a marker of sequence -- 6.10. Numbers that are used as words -- 7. Specifiers and demonstratives -- 7.1.zhe 'this' and na 'that' as demonstratives -- 7.2.zhe, zhei 'this/these' and na, nei 'that/those' as specifiers -- 7.3.zher and zheli 'here', nar and nail 'there';Contents note continued: 14.2. Basic functions of prepositions -- 14.3. Prepositions that also function as verbs -- 15. Adverbs -- 15.1. General properties of adverbs -- 15.2. Adverbs with logical function: ye, dou, hai, jiu, zhi, and cai -- 16. Conjunctions -- 16.1. Conjunctions that indicate an 'additive' or 'and' relationship -- 16.2. Conjunctions that indicate a disjunctive or 'or' relationship -- 17. Aspect -- 17.1. Perfective aspect -- 17.2. Durative aspect -- 17.3. Experiential aspect -- 17.4.A comparison of aspectual distinctions -- 18. Resultative verbs -- 18.1. Structure of resultative verbs -- 18.2. Action verb heads -- 18.3. Resultative suffixes -- 18.4. Resultative verbs in affirmative and negative sentences -- 18.5. Asking yes--no questions with resultative verbs -- 18.6. The potential form of resultative verbs -- 18.7. Resultative suffixes with figurative or idiomatic meaning -- 19. Directional verbs -- 19.1. Structure of directional verbs -- 19.2. Motion verbs.;Contents note continued: 22. Names, kinship terms, titles, and terms of address -- 22.1. Names: xingming -- 22.2. Kinship terms -- 22.3. Titles -- 22.4. Addressing others -- 22.5. Addressing new acquaintances and negotiating terms of address -- 22.6. Name cards and business cards -- 22.7. Addressing letters and envelopes -- 23. Introductions -- 23.1. The general format of introductions -- 23.2. Sample introductions -- 23.3.Common occupations and fields of study -- 24. Greetings and goodbyes -- 24.1. Greetings in conversations -- 24.2. Saying goodbye in conversations -- 24.3. Greetings and goodbyes in letters -- 25. Basic strategies for communication -- 25.1. Attracting someone's attention -- 25.2. Responding to a call for attention -- 25.3. Checking whether people have understood you -- 25.4. Indicating understanding or lack of understanding -- 25.5. Requesting repetition or clarification of spoken language -- 25.6. Asking for assistance in identifying a Chinese character.;Contents note continued: 36.4. Verbs that refer to the future -- 37. Indicating completion and talking about the past -- 37.1. Marking an action as complete: perfective aspect le -- 37.2. Talking about sequence with perfective le -- 37.3. Indicating that an action did not occur in the past -- 37.4. Asking whether an action has occurred -- 37.5. Indicating that an action occurred again in the past: you verb le -- 37.6. Talking about past experience: verb suffix guo -- 37.7.Comparing the aspect markers guo and le -- 37.8. Time words and adverbs that refer to past time -- 37.9. Focusing on a detail of a past event with shi ... de -- 38. Talking about change, new situations, and changing situations -- 38.1. Indicating that a situation represents a change -- 38.2.Comparing sentences with and without sentence final le -- 38.3. Indicating change over time -- 38.4. Nouns and verbs that express change -- 39. Talking about duration and frequency.;Contents note continued: 28.3. Choosing between alternatives with haishi 'either--or' questions -- 28.4. Rhetorical questions -- 28.5. Follow-up questions with ne -- 28.6. Content questions -- 29. Expressing identification, possession, and existence -- 29.1. Expressing identification -- 29.2. Expressing possession -- 29.3. Expressing existence -- 30. Describing people, places, and things -- 30.1. Equational sentences: identifying or describing the subject with a noun phrase in the predicate -- 30.2. Describing the subject with a predicate that is an adjectival verb -- 30.3. Identifying or describing a noun with a modifying phrase -- 30.4. Asking questions about the attributes of a person, place, or thing -- 30.5. Describing an item in terms of the material that it is made of -- 30.6. Describing nouns in terms of attributes that imply comparison -- 30.7. Describing people in terms of age -- 30.8. Describing the weather -- 30.9. Talking about illness and other medical conditions.;Contents note continued: 42.2. Expressing the relationship 'after' in a single sentence -- 42.3. Indicating that one event happens first and another event happens afterwards -- 42.4. Indicating 'afterwards' in a separate sentence -- 42.5.Comparing yiqian 'before' with yihou 'after' -- 43. Expressing simultaneous situations -- 43.1. Indicating that one situation is the background for another situation -- 43.2. Indicating that two actions occur at the same time -- 43.3. Indicating that two actions occur in the same time frame -- 43.4. Describing a subject in terms of two qualities that exist at the same time -- 43.5. Indicating that a situation is reached at a specific point in time -- 43.6. Presenting simultaneous situations -- 44. Expressing cause and effect or reason and result -- 44.1. Expressing cause and effect or reason and result in a single sentence -- 44.2. Introducing the cause or reason -- 44.3. Introducing the effect or result -- 44.4. Inquiring about cause or reason.;Contents note continued: 39.1. Specifying the length of an action with a duration phrase -- 39.2. Emphasizing ongoing duration -- 39.3. Indicating the ongoing duration of a background event -- 39.4. Indicating frequency -- 40. Expressing additional information -- 40.1.ye 'also' -- 40.2.hai 'in addition, also' -- 40.3.hai you 'in addition' -- 40.4.bingqie 'moreover' -- 40.5.zai shuo 'besides, moreover, to put it another way' -- 40.6.er 'and, but' -- 40.7.he and gen 'and' -- 40.8 ... budan ... erqie ... 'not only ... but also ... ' -- 40.9 ... you ... you ... 'both ... and ... ' -- 40.10 ... chule ... yiwai 'besides ... ' -- 40.11.lingwai 'in addition', '(an)other' -- 41. Expressing contrast -- 41.1. Expressing contrast with paired connecting words -- 41.2. Adverbs that indicate contrast -- 41.3. Qualifying a statement with an adjectival verb or stative verb -- 42. Expressing sequence -- 42.1. Expressing the relationship 'before';"Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar is an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. Divided into two sections closely linked by extensive cross-references, it covers:traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers language functions and notions such as communication strategies, giving and seeking information, expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies. With all grammar points and functions richly illustrated with examples, and a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, the main features of this Grammar include examples in simplified characters, traditional characters, and romanization (Pinyin) as well as an emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. Featuring related exercises and activities, this Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook"-;Contents note continued: 48.7. Asking for and giving directions: sample conversations -- 48.8. Talking about directional movement -- 49. Talking about clock time and calendar time -- 49.1. Clock time -- 49.2. Calendar time -- 50. Expressing obligations and prohibitions -- 50.1. Expressing obligations -- 50.2. Expressing prohibitions: must not, should not -- 51. Expressing commands and permission -- 51.1.Commands -- 51.2. Permission -- 52. Expressing ability and possibility -- 52.1. Expressing ability -- 52.2. Expressing possibility -- 53. Expressing desires, needs, preferences, and willingness -- 53.1. Expressing desires -- 53.2. Expressing needs -- 53.3. Expressing preferences -- 53.4. Expressing willingness -- 54. Expressing knowledge, advice, and opinions -- 54.1. Expressing knowledge -- 54.2. Advice and opinions -- 55. Expressing fear, worry, and anxiety -- 55.1. Expressing fear of something -- 55.2. Expressing nervousness or anxiety -- 55.3. Indicating that something is scary.;Contents note continued: 11. Stative verbs -- 11.1. Negation of stative verbs -- 11.2. Modification by intensifies -- 11.3. Indicating completion, past time, and change of state -- 11.4. The equational verb shi 'be' -- 11.5. The equational verb xing 'be family named' -- 11.6. The verb of possession and existence: you 'have', 'exist' -- 11.7. The location verb zai 'be located at' -- 12. Modal verbs -- 12.1. Expressing possibility: hui -- 12.2. Expressing ability -- 12.3. Expressing permission: keyi -- 12.4. Expressing obligations -- 12.5. Expressing prohibitions -- 12.6. Grammatical properties of modal verbs -- 13. Action verbs -- 13.1. Indicating that an action is complete -- 13.2. Indicating that an action has been experienced in the past -- 13.3. Negating actions -- 13.4. Asking about actions -- 13.5. Open-ended action verbs -- 13.6. Change-of-state action verbs -- 14. Prepositions and prepositional phrases -- 14.1. The grammar of the prepositional phrase in the Mandarin sentence.;Contents note continued: 45. Expressing conditions -- 45.1.'If ... then' conditional sentences -- 45.2.'even if' -- 45.3.'as long as' -- 45.4.'only if', 'unless' -- 45.5.'otherwise' -- 46. Expressing 'both', 'all', 'every', 'any', 'none', 'not any', and 'no matter how' -- 46.1. Expressing 'both' and 'all' -- 46.2. Expressing 'none' -- 46.3. Expressing 'every' -- 46.4. Expressing 'every', 'any', 'not any', and 'no matter how' with question words -- 47. Expressing location and distance -- 47.1. Location -- 47.2. Indicating that an object exists or does not exist at a location -- 47.3. Using location as a description -- 47.4. Talking about distance -- 47.5. Asking about distance -- 48. Talking about movement, directions, and means of transportation -- 48.1. Talking about 'going' and 'coming' -- 48.2. Talking about turning -- 48.3. Talking about crossing -- 48.4. Talking about arriving -- 48.5. Talking about means of transportation -- 48.6. Asking about locations and asking for directions.;Contents note continued: 19.3. Directional suffixes -- 19.4. Sentences with directional verbs -- 19.5. The potential form of directional verbs -- 19.6. Asking yes no questions with directional verbs -- 19.7. Directional verbs and directional suffixes with figurative or idiomatic meaning -- 20.ba sentences: The 'disposal' construction -- 20.1. The structure of ba sentences -- 20.2. Properties of the subject and object in ba sentences -- 20.3. Properties of the verb in ba sentences -- 20.4. Negation in ba sentences -- 20.5. Adverbs and modal verbs in ba sentences -- 21. The passive -- 21.1. The structure of the Mandarin passive -- 21.2. The passive and negation -- 21.3. Conditions for using the passive in Mandarin -- 21.4. Differences between the passive markers bei, jiao, and rang -- 21.5. Additional functions of rang, jiao, and gei -- 21.6. Other Mandarin structures that highlight the affected object and de-emphasize the agent -- pt. B Situations and functions.;Contents note continued: 55.4. Indicating that something scares someone -- 56. Expressing speaker attitudes and perspectives -- 56.1. Interjections -- 56.2. Sentence final particles -- 57. Topic, focus, and emphasis -- 57.1. Introducing a topic -- 57.2. Focus -- 57.3. Emphasis -- 58. Guest and host -- 58.1. Welcoming the guest -- 58.2. Offering food and drink -- 58.3. Inviting the guest to get comfortable -- 58.4. Saying goodbye and seeing the guest off -- 58.5. Additional expressions involving guest and host -- 59. Giving and responding to compliments -- 59.1. Cultural conventions regarding praise -- 59.2. Expressions used in deflecting praise -- 59.3.Compliments and appropriate responses -- 60. Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction -- 60.1. Expressing satisfaction -- 60.2. Expressing dissatisfaction -- 61. Expressing gratitude and responding to expressions of gratitude -- 61.1. Expressing gratitude -- 61.2. Replying to expressions of gratitude -- 62. Invitations, requests, and refusals.

__Yufa! A Practical Guide to Mandarin Chinese Grammar__ takes a unique approach to explaining the major topics of Mandarin Chinese grammar. The book is presented in two sections: the core structures of Chinese grammar, and the practical use of the Chinese language. Key features include: * Chinese characters, pinyin and English translations * Realistic scenarios to provide you with an interesting context in which to learn grammar * Varied and imaginative exercises so you can review your progress easily.With straightforward descriptions, numerous exercises, and examples that are rooted in realistic situations, the author shows you how grammar is used in everyday life. This new second edition has been fully revised and updated throughout and continues to be one of the clearest and most comprehensive pedagogical grammars available.

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar is an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. Divided into two sections closely linked by extensive cross-references, it covers: traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers language functions and notions such as communication strategies, giving and seeking information, expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies. With all grammar points and functions richly illustrated with examples, and a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, the main features of this Grammar include examples in simplified characters, traditional characters, and romanization (Pinyin) as well as an emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. Featuring related exercises and activities, this Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook.

This book describes the grammar of Chinese nominal groups for the purpose of text analysis, drawing upon Halliday's systemic functional linguistics (SFL) model. Exploring the metafunctional grammatical resources in nominal groups, the book provides a new perspective on conducting text analysis by focusing on the metafunctions performed by various elements in the nominal group. The observations on nominal groups presented here are based on both a working corpus of 180 texts of various types and a large referential corpus of over 16 billion tokens. With clear descriptions of the terminology used, the book presents a case study at the end of each major chapter, which demonstrates how the grammatical resources discussed can be applied to the delicate analysis of authentic texts. This monograph is more than a grammar book, for it offers a new way to engage with a text microscopically and enables readers to approach and analyse a text by focusing on grammatical units below the clause level. The book provides an accessible and valuable resource for readers who are interested in SFL-based typological description, text analysis, translation studies between English and Chinese, English–Chinese comparative linguistic studies, and Chinese language teaching and learning.

This new edition of Chinese: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar. Refreshingly jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections. Features include: A new chapter on paragraph development Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanization, alongside all examples Literal and colloquial translations in English to illustrate language points detailed contents list and index for easy access to information A glossary of grammatical terms It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.

This reference grammar provides, for the first time, a description of the grammar of Mandarin Chinese, the official spoken language of China and Taiwan, in functional terms, focusing on the role and meanings of word-level and sentence-level structures in actual conversations. <p>Author Biography: Charles N. Li is Professor of Linguistics and Chairperson, Linguistics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara. Sandra A. Thompson is Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara.</p>

Aspect in Mandarin Chinese plays an important role in interpreting the temporal information of a sentence. It is an important verbal category, which is concerned with the speaker’s viewpoint or perspective on a situation: whether the situation is presented as complete (perfective aspect) or as ongoing (imperfective aspect), etc. Learning to understand the aspect particles or markers, and use them correctly, has always been one of the most difficult tasks for learners of Chinese. Learn to Use Chinese Aspect Particles is a pedagogical guide designed to equip teachers with necessary aspectual theoretical knowledge, and is aimed at in-service or trainee teachers, and intermediate or advanced students to reinforce teaching and learning. Challenging exercises are designed and explanations for the correct use of an aspect particle are given, thus making the book more useable and convenient to teachers and enhancing the practical reference value of the book.

This reference grammar provides, for the first time, a description of the grammar of Mandarin Chinese, the official spoken language of China and Taiwan, in functional terms, focusing on the role and meanings of word-level and sentence-level structures in actual conversations. <p>Author Biography: Charles N. Li is Professor of Linguistics and Chairperson, Linguistics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara. Sandra A. Thompson is Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara.</p>

This new and extended edition of __Chinese: An Essential Grammar__ is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese (Mandarin) grammar. Refreshingly jargon-free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This __Grammar__ aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections. It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include: * Three new chapters on speech habits, writing conventions and new lexicalisation processes * Chinese characters, as well as the __pinyin__ romanisation, alongside all examples * Literal and colloquial translations into English to illustrate language points * Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information * A glossary of grammatical terms.

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar provides an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: Communication strategies Making comparisons Giving and seeking information Expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples, with a strong focus on contemporary usage. Main features of the grammar include: Examples given in simplified characters, traditional characters and romanization (pinyin) Clear explanations and accessible descriptions Particular attention to areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the Grammar, this second edition has been revised throughout to offer expanded explanations, examples, cross-referencing, and indexing and brand new chapters on aspect, resultative verbs, directional verbs and "ba" sentences. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. This Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook (978-0-415-83488-9; available for separate purchase) which features related exercises and activities.

The aim of Chinese Grammar is to simplify learning and enrich the student's knowledge of Chinese grammar. It is the companion volume to Chinese Vocabulary.

Chinese Grammar at Work adopts a cognitive-functional approach and uses a corpus-based methodology to examine how Chinese syntax emerges from natural discourse context and what the evolving grammar at work looks like. In this volume the author weaves together an array of fresh perspectives on clause structure, constructions, interactional linguistics, cognitive science and complex dynamic systems to construct a grammar of spoken Chinese. The volume contains discussions of a large number of topics: contiguity relation, the roles of repair strategies in the shaping of constituent structure, non-canonical word order constructions, pragmatics of referring expressions, classifier constructions, noun-modifying constructions, verb complementation, ethnotheory of the person and constructions specific to the language of emotion, sequential sensitivity of linguistic materials, meaning potential in interaction, the nature of variability and stability in Chinese syntax from the perspective of complexity theory. The result is a volume that highlights the connections between language structure, situated and embodied nature of cognition and language use, and affords a true entrée to the exciting realm of Chinese grammar.

A fascinating description of a global language, __A Grammar of Mandarin__ combines broad perspectives with illuminating depth. Crammed with examples from everyday conversations, it aims to let the language speak for itself. The book opens with an overview of the language situation and a thorough account of Mandarin speech sounds. Nine core chapters explore syntactic, morphological and lexical dimensions. A final chapter traces the Chinese character script from oracle-bone inscriptions to today’s digital pens.This work will cater to language learners and linguistic specialists alike. Easy reference is provided by more than eighty tables, figures, appendices, and a glossary. The main text is enriched by sections in finer print, offering further analysis and reflection. Example sentences are fully glossed, translated, and explained from diverse angles, with a keen eye for recent linguistic change. This grammar, in short, reveals a Mandarin language in full swing.

Contents note continued: 25.7. Providing information about the identification of Chinese characters -- 25.8. Signaling that you are following the speaker -- 25.9. Interrupting a speaker -- 25.10. Using fillers -- 25.11. Formal development of a topic -- 26. Telecommunications and e-communications: telephones, the internet, and faxes -- 26.1. Making and receiving phone calls; sending and receiving faxes and email messages -- 26.2. Dialing a number and entering a number -- 26.3. Using the internet -- 26.4. Telephone etiquette -- 26.5. Writing and reciting phone numbers and fax numbers -- 27. Negating information -- 27.1. Negation of verbs and verb phrases -- 21.2. The relative order of negation and adverbs -- 27.3. Words that occur with negation -- 27.4.bu in resultative and directional verbs -- 27.5. Literary markers of negation: wu and fei -- 28. Asking questions and replying to questions -- 28.1. Yes-no questions -- 28.2. Asking for agreement.;Machine generated contents note: pt. A Structures -- 1. Overview of pronunciation and Pinyin romanization -- 1.1. The Mandarin syllable -- 1.2. Pinyin romanization -- 2. Syllable, meaning, and word -- 2.1. The special status of the Mandarin syllable -- 2.2. Multi-syllable tendency in Mandarin words -- 2.3. Word-specific tone changes -- 2.4. Change to neutral tone -- 2.5. Incorporating foreign words and naming foreign objects -- 3. The Chinese writing system: an overview -- 3.1. Traditional and simplified characters -- 3.2. The structure of Chinese characters: the radical and the phonetic -- 3.3. The traditional classification of characters -- 3.4. Character stroke order: bishun -- 4. Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence -- 4.1. Basic phrase order -- 4.2. The position of direct and indirect objects -- 4.3. The position of prepositional phrases -- 4.4. The position of location phrases -- 4.5. The position of 'time when' phrases.;Contents note continued: 34. Talking about the present -- 34.1. Time expressions that indicate present time -- 34.2. Using zai and zhengzai to indicate ongoing actions in present time -- 34.3. Using the final particle ne to indicate ongoing situations in present time -- 34.4. Using zhe to emphasize ongoing duration or an ongoing state in the present time -- 34.5. Indicating present time by context -- 34.6. Negation in present time situations -- 34.7. Talking about actions that begin in the past and continue to the present -- 34.8. Describing situations that are generally true -- 35. Talking about habitual actions -- 35.1. Expressing habitual time with the word mei 'every/each' -- 35.2. Expressing habitual time with tiantian and niannian -- 35.3. Adverbs that describe habitual action -- 36. Talking about the future -- 36.1. Time words that refer to future time -- 36.2. Adverbs that refer to future time -- 36.3. Indicating future time with the modal verb hui.;Contents note continued: 7.4. Question words that correspond to specifiers -- 8. Classifiers -- 8.1. The structure of phrases involving classifiers -- 8.2. Choosing the classifier -- 8.3. Omission of the head noun -- 8.4. Classifiers that occur without a noun -- 8.5. Money and prices -- 9. Noun phrases -- 9.1. Modifying a noun with a specifier and/or number -- 9.2. Modifying a noun with all other modifiers: modification with de -- 9.3. Omission of the particle de -- 9.4. Noun modifiers in a series -- 9.5. Omission of the head noun -- 9.6. Modification with Z zhi -- 10. Adjectival verbs -- 10.1. Negation of adjectival verbs -- 10.2. Yes--no questions with adjectival verbs -- 10.3. Modification by intensifiers -- 10.4. Two-syllable preference -- 10.5.Comparative meaning -- 10.6. Superlative meaning -- 10.7. Adjectival verbs and comparison structures -- 10.8. Linking adjectival verbs -- 10.9. Adjectival verbs and expressions that indicate change over time -- 10.10. Adjectival verbs and sentence final le.;Contents note continued: 62.1. Invitations -- 62.2. Requests -- 62.3. Refusals -- 62.4. Abandoning a request -- 63. Expressing apologies, regrets, sympathy, and bad news -- 63.1. Apologies and regrets -- 63.2. Expressing sympathy -- 63.3. Conveying bad news -- 64. Expressing congratulations and good wishes -- 64.1. General expressions of congratulations and good wishes -- 64.2. Fixed phrases of congratulations and good wishes for special events -- 64.3. Replying to expressions of congratulations and good wishes.;Contents note continued: 31. Describing how actions are performed -- 31.1. Describing the general or past performance of an action with a manner adverbial phrase -- 31.2. Asking about the performance of an action -- 31.3. Describing the performance of an entire action with an adverbial modifier -- 32. Indicating result, conclusion, potential, and extent -- 32.1. Indicating the result or conclusion of an action with resultative verbs -- 32.2. Indicating the ability to reach a conclusion or result: the potential infixes de and bu -- 32.3. Summary of the functions of resultative verbs -- 32.4. Indicating the ability to perform the verb: the potential suffixes deliao and buliao -- 32.5. Resultative suffixes with special meanings or properties -- 32.6. Indicating the extent or result of a situation -- 33. Making comparisons -- 33.1. Similarity -- 33.2. Difference -- 33.3. More than -- 33.4. Less than -- 33.5.Comparative degree -- 33.6. Superlative degree -- 33.7. Relative degree.;Contents note continued: 4.6. The relative order of the 'time when' phrase and the location phrase -- 4.7. The position of adverbs -- 4.8. The position of negation -- 4.9. The position of duration phrases -- 4.10. Order within the noun phrase -- 4.11. Phrase order in questions -- 4.12. The position of aspect particles -- 5. Nouns -- 5.1.Common nouns -- 5.2. Pronouns -- 5.3. Proper nouns -- 6. Numbers -- 6.1. Mandarin numbers 0--99 -- 6.2. Number 100 and higher -- 6.3. Formal characters for numbers -- 6.4. Ordinal numbers -- 6.5. Estimates and approximations -- 6.6. Fractions, percentages, decimals, half, and multiples -- 6.7. Lucky and unlucky numbers -- 6.8. Numbers used in phrases and expressions -- 6.9.yi as a marker of sequence -- 6.10. Numbers that are used as words -- 7. Specifiers and demonstratives -- 7.1.zhe 'this' and na 'that' as demonstratives -- 7.2.zhe, zhei 'this/these' and na, nei 'that/those' as specifiers -- 7.3.zher and zheli 'here', nar and nail 'there';Contents note continued: 14.2. Basic functions of prepositions -- 14.3. Prepositions that also function as verbs -- 15. Adverbs -- 15.1. General properties of adverbs -- 15.2. Adverbs with logical function: ye, dou, hai, jiu, zhi, and cai -- 16. Conjunctions -- 16.1. Conjunctions that indicate an 'additive' or 'and' relationship -- 16.2. Conjunctions that indicate a disjunctive or 'or' relationship -- 17. Aspect -- 17.1. Perfective aspect -- 17.2. Durative aspect -- 17.3. Experiential aspect -- 17.4.A comparison of aspectual distinctions -- 18. Resultative verbs -- 18.1. Structure of resultative verbs -- 18.2. Action verb heads -- 18.3. Resultative suffixes -- 18.4. Resultative verbs in affirmative and negative sentences -- 18.5. Asking yes--no questions with resultative verbs -- 18.6. The potential form of resultative verbs -- 18.7. Resultative suffixes with figurative or idiomatic meaning -- 19. Directional verbs -- 19.1. Structure of directional verbs -- 19.2. Motion verbs.;Contents note continued: 22. Names, kinship terms, titles, and terms of address -- 22.1. Names: xingming -- 22.2. Kinship terms -- 22.3. Titles -- 22.4. Addressing others -- 22.5. Addressing new acquaintances and negotiating terms of address -- 22.6. Name cards and business cards -- 22.7. Addressing letters and envelopes -- 23. Introductions -- 23.1. The general format of introductions -- 23.2. Sample introductions -- 23.3.Common occupations and fields of study -- 24. Greetings and goodbyes -- 24.1. Greetings in conversations -- 24.2. Saying goodbye in conversations -- 24.3. Greetings and goodbyes in letters -- 25. Basic strategies for communication -- 25.1. Attracting someone's attention -- 25.2. Responding to a call for attention -- 25.3. Checking whether people have understood you -- 25.4. Indicating understanding or lack of understanding -- 25.5. Requesting repetition or clarification of spoken language -- 25.6. Asking for assistance in identifying a Chinese character.;Contents note continued: 36.4. Verbs that refer to the future -- 37. Indicating completion and talking about the past -- 37.1. Marking an action as complete: perfective aspect le -- 37.2. Talking about sequence with perfective le -- 37.3. Indicating that an action did not occur in the past -- 37.4. Asking whether an action has occurred -- 37.5. Indicating that an action occurred again in the past: you verb le -- 37.6. Talking about past experience: verb suffix guo -- 37.7.Comparing the aspect markers guo and le -- 37.8. Time words and adverbs that refer to past time -- 37.9. Focusing on a detail of a past event with shi ... de -- 38. Talking about change, new situations, and changing situations -- 38.1. Indicating that a situation represents a change -- 38.2.Comparing sentences with and without sentence final le -- 38.3. Indicating change over time -- 38.4. Nouns and verbs that express change -- 39. Talking about duration and frequency.;Contents note continued: 28.3. Choosing between alternatives with haishi 'either--or' questions -- 28.4. Rhetorical questions -- 28.5. Follow-up questions with ne -- 28.6. Content questions -- 29. Expressing identification, possession, and existence -- 29.1. Expressing identification -- 29.2. Expressing possession -- 29.3. Expressing existence -- 30. Describing people, places, and things -- 30.1. Equational sentences: identifying or describing the subject with a noun phrase in the predicate -- 30.2. Describing the subject with a predicate that is an adjectival verb -- 30.3. Identifying or describing a noun with a modifying phrase -- 30.4. Asking questions about the attributes of a person, place, or thing -- 30.5. Describing an item in terms of the material that it is made of -- 30.6. Describing nouns in terms of attributes that imply comparison -- 30.7. Describing people in terms of age -- 30.8. Describing the weather -- 30.9. Talking about illness and other medical conditions.;Contents note continued: 42.2. Expressing the relationship 'after' in a single sentence -- 42.3. Indicating that one event happens first and another event happens afterwards -- 42.4. Indicating 'afterwards' in a separate sentence -- 42.5.Comparing yiqian 'before' with yihou 'after' -- 43. Expressing simultaneous situations -- 43.1. Indicating that one situation is the background for another situation -- 43.2. Indicating that two actions occur at the same time -- 43.3. Indicating that two actions occur in the same time frame -- 43.4. Describing a subject in terms of two qualities that exist at the same time -- 43.5. Indicating that a situation is reached at a specific point in time -- 43.6. Presenting simultaneous situations -- 44. Expressing cause and effect or reason and result -- 44.1. Expressing cause and effect or reason and result in a single sentence -- 44.2. Introducing the cause or reason -- 44.3. Introducing the effect or result -- 44.4. Inquiring about cause or reason.;Contents note continued: 39.1. Specifying the length of an action with a duration phrase -- 39.2. Emphasizing ongoing duration -- 39.3. Indicating the ongoing duration of a background event -- 39.4. Indicating frequency -- 40. Expressing additional information -- 40.1.ye 'also' -- 40.2.hai 'in addition, also' -- 40.3.hai you 'in addition' -- 40.4.bingqie 'moreover' -- 40.5.zai shuo 'besides, moreover, to put it another way' -- 40.6.er 'and, but' -- 40.7.he and gen 'and' -- 40.8 ... budan ... erqie ... 'not only ... but also ... ' -- 40.9 ... you ... you ... 'both ... and ... ' -- 40.10 ... chule ... yiwai 'besides ... ' -- 40.11.lingwai 'in addition', '(an)other' -- 41. Expressing contrast -- 41.1. Expressing contrast with paired connecting words -- 41.2. Adverbs that indicate contrast -- 41.3. Qualifying a statement with an adjectival verb or stative verb -- 42. Expressing sequence -- 42.1. Expressing the relationship 'before';"Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar is an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. Divided into two sections closely linked by extensive cross-references, it covers:traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs and specifiers language functions and notions such as communication strategies, giving and seeking information, expressing apologies, regrets and sympathies. With all grammar points and functions richly illustrated with examples, and a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, the main features of this Grammar include examples in simplified characters, traditional characters, and romanization (Pinyin) as well as an emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. Featuring related exercises and activities, this Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook"-;Contents note continued: 48.7. Asking for and giving directions: sample conversations -- 48.8. Talking about directional movement -- 49. Talking about clock time and calendar time -- 49.1. Clock time -- 49.2. Calendar time -- 50. Expressing obligations and prohibitions -- 50.1. Expressing obligations -- 50.2. Expressing prohibitions: must not, should not -- 51. Expressing commands and permission -- 51.1.Commands -- 51.2. Permission -- 52. Expressing ability and possibility -- 52.1. Expressing ability -- 52.2. Expressing possibility -- 53. Expressing desires, needs, preferences, and willingness -- 53.1. Expressing desires -- 53.2. Expressing needs -- 53.3. Expressing preferences -- 53.4. Expressing willingness -- 54. Expressing knowledge, advice, and opinions -- 54.1. Expressing knowledge -- 54.2. Advice and opinions -- 55. Expressing fear, worry, and anxiety -- 55.1. Expressing fear of something -- 55.2. Expressing nervousness or anxiety -- 55.3. Indicating that something is scary.;Contents note continued: 11. Stative verbs -- 11.1. Negation of stative verbs -- 11.2. Modification by intensifies -- 11.3. Indicating completion, past time, and change of state -- 11.4. The equational verb shi 'be' -- 11.5. The equational verb xing 'be family named' -- 11.6. The verb of possession and existence: you 'have', 'exist' -- 11.7. The location verb zai 'be located at' -- 12. Modal verbs -- 12.1. Expressing possibility: hui -- 12.2. Expressing ability -- 12.3. Expressing permission: keyi -- 12.4. Expressing obligations -- 12.5. Expressing prohibitions -- 12.6. Grammatical properties of modal verbs -- 13. Action verbs -- 13.1. Indicating that an action is complete -- 13.2. Indicating that an action has been experienced in the past -- 13.3. Negating actions -- 13.4. Asking about actions -- 13.5. Open-ended action verbs -- 13.6. Change-of-state action verbs -- 14. Prepositions and prepositional phrases -- 14.1. The grammar of the prepositional phrase in the Mandarin sentence.;Contents note continued: 45. Expressing conditions -- 45.1.'If ... then' conditional sentences -- 45.2.'even if' -- 45.3.'as long as' -- 45.4.'only if', 'unless' -- 45.5.'otherwise' -- 46. Expressing 'both', 'all', 'every', 'any', 'none', 'not any', and 'no matter how' -- 46.1. Expressing 'both' and 'all' -- 46.2. Expressing 'none' -- 46.3. Expressing 'every' -- 46.4. Expressing 'every', 'any', 'not any', and 'no matter how' with question words -- 47. Expressing location and distance -- 47.1. Location -- 47.2. Indicating that an object exists or does not exist at a location -- 47.3. Using location as a description -- 47.4. Talking about distance -- 47.5. Asking about distance -- 48. Talking about movement, directions, and means of transportation -- 48.1. Talking about 'going' and 'coming' -- 48.2. Talking about turning -- 48.3. Talking about crossing -- 48.4. Talking about arriving -- 48.5. Talking about means of transportation -- 48.6. Asking about locations and asking for directions.;Contents note continued: 19.3. Directional suffixes -- 19.4. Sentences with directional verbs -- 19.5. The potential form of directional verbs -- 19.6. Asking yes no questions with directional verbs -- 19.7. Directional verbs and directional suffixes with figurative or idiomatic meaning -- 20.ba sentences: The 'disposal' construction -- 20.1. The structure of ba sentences -- 20.2. Properties of the subject and object in ba sentences -- 20.3. Properties of the verb in ba sentences -- 20.4. Negation in ba sentences -- 20.5. Adverbs and modal verbs in ba sentences -- 21. The passive -- 21.1. The structure of the Mandarin passive -- 21.2. The passive and negation -- 21.3. Conditions for using the passive in Mandarin -- 21.4. Differences between the passive markers bei, jiao, and rang -- 21.5. Additional functions of rang, jiao, and gei -- 21.6. Other Mandarin structures that highlight the affected object and de-emphasize the agent -- pt. B Situations and functions.;Contents note continued: 55.4. Indicating that something scares someone -- 56. Expressing speaker attitudes and perspectives -- 56.1. Interjections -- 56.2. Sentence final particles -- 57. Topic, focus, and emphasis -- 57.1. Introducing a topic -- 57.2. Focus -- 57.3. Emphasis -- 58. Guest and host -- 58.1. Welcoming the guest -- 58.2. Offering food and drink -- 58.3. Inviting the guest to get comfortable -- 58.4. Saying goodbye and seeing the guest off -- 58.5. Additional expressions involving guest and host -- 59. Giving and responding to compliments -- 59.1. Cultural conventions regarding praise -- 59.2. Expressions used in deflecting praise -- 59.3.Compliments and appropriate responses -- 60. Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction -- 60.1. Expressing satisfaction -- 60.2. Expressing dissatisfaction -- 61. Expressing gratitude and responding to expressions of gratitude -- 61.1. Expressing gratitude -- 61.2. Replying to expressions of gratitude -- 62. Invitations, requests, and refusals.

Francisco Varo’s __Arte de la Lengua Mandarina__, completed ca. 1680, is the earliest published grammar of any spoken form of Chinese and the fullest known description of the standard language of the seventeenth century. It establishes beyond doubt that this “Language of the Mandarins” was not Pekingese or Peking-based but had instead a Jiang-Huai or Nankingese-like phonology. It also provides important information about the nature and formation of pre-modern standard forms of Chinese and will lead to revisions of currently held views on Chinese koines and their relationship with regional speech forms and the received vernacular literature. Finally, it provides a wealth ot information on stylistic speech levels, honorific usage, and social customs of the elite during the early Qing period.The book provides a full translation of the 1703 text of the __Arte__, an extensive introduction to the life and work of Varo, an index of Chinese characters inserted into the translation, and an index of linguistic terms and concepts. It should be of interest to a diverse readership of Chinese historical, comparative, and descriptive linguists, students of Qing history and literature, historiographers of linguistics, and specialists in early Western religious and cultural contact with China.

Intensification plays a major role in spoken and written interaction, enabling the writer or speaker to express different levels of commitment. This book explores the patterns and meanings of intensifiers in Chinese learner English by ways of comparison with native English. The study is conducted within the theoretical framework of Firthian contextual theory of meaning, Sinclairian model of Extended Units of Meaning (EUM) and Hunston's pattern grammar. The method of contrastive inter-language analysis (CIA) is adopted and the intensifier collocations in learner English and native English are explored by means of quantitative and qualitative analyses of corpora data. This book is the first attempt to investigate the patterning and meaning features of intensifiers systematically with the corpora data in Chinese learner English. Readers will obtain a relatively complete picture of how Chinese learners use intensifiers to realize their attitudinal meanings.

Grammaticalization and lexicalization have been two major issues in the study of diachronic change in the past few decades. Drawing evidence from Western languages, researchers have uncovered a number of characteristics of the process of grammaticalization and lexicalization, as well as the relationship between the two. However, the question remains whether or not those characteristics are applicable to genetically unrelated and typologically different languages, such as Chinese. The contributors of this volume attempt to answer just this question. Based on Chinese historical data from the past three thousand years, five articles in the volume investigate the development of a certain grammatical category: the definite article (M. Fang), modal verbs of volition (A. Peyraube and M. Li), the classifier class (J.Z. Xing), the repeater class (C. Zhang), and the process of lexicalization (X. Dong), while the remaining four articles are case studies of unique grammatical words which have all undergone a complicated process of grammaticalization and some involved lexicalization: the sentence particle __ye__ (Q. Chen), the versatile directional verb __lái__ (C. Liu), the degree adverb __hen__ (M. Liu and C. Chang), and the giving verb __gei__ (F. Tsao). All these studies have identified tendencies of diachronic change in Chinese and some of them have also revealed certain typological characteristics that Chinese has compared to other languages.

The item was a quintessential quality of a book. It was in optimum conditions and it was well-packed.

__Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar__ is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar which presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers. An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require. The new edition features a revised and expanded chapter on prosody (Prosody and Syntax), as well as four completely new chapters: • Morphology and Syntax (I) looks at Chinese word formation • Morphology and Syntax (II) explores the interaction between words, expressions and sentences • Intralingual Transpositions reviews the possible conversions between sentential constructions • Interlingual Conversions examines the differences between Chinese and English. The __Grammar__ is an essential reference source for the adult learner and user of Chinese. It is ideal for independent study and for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes, up to an advanced level__.__

Aspect in Mandarin Chinese plays an important role in interpreting the temporal information of a sentence. It is an important verbal category, which is concerned with the speaker’s viewpoint or perspective on a situation: whether the situation is presented as complete (perfective aspect) or as ongoing (imperfective aspect), etc. Learning to understand the aspect particles or markers, and use them correctly, has always been one of the most difficult tasks for learners of Chinese. Learn to Use Chinese Aspect Particles is a pedagogical guide designed to equip teachers with necessary aspectual theoretical knowledge, and is aimed at in-service or trainee teachers, and intermediate or advanced students to reinforce teaching and learning. Challenging exercises are designed and explanations for the correct use of an aspect particle are given, thus making the book more useable and convenient to teachers and enhancing the practical reference value of the book.

Introduction -- Typological Description -- Word Structure -- Simple Declarative Sentences -- Auxiliary Verbs -- Aspect -- Sentence-final Particles -- Adverbs -- Coverbs/prepositions -- Indirect Objects And Benefactives -- Locative And Directional Phrases -- Negation -- Verb Copying -- The Imperative -- The Bǎ Construction -- The Bèi Construction -- Presentative Sentences -- Questions -- Comparison -- Nominalization -- Serial Verb Constructions -- The Complex Stative Construction -- Sentence Linking -- Pronouns In Discourse. Charles N. Li And Sandra A. Thompson. Includes Index. Bibliography: P. [677]-682.

This book describes the grammar of Chinese nominal groups for the purpose of text analysis, drawing upon Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics (SFL) model. Exploring the metafunctional grammatical resources in nominal groups, the book provides a new perspective on conducting text analysis by focusing on the metafunctions performed by various elements in the nominal group. The observations on nominal groups presented here are based on both a working corpus of 180 texts of various types and a large referential corpus of over 16 billion tokens. With clear descriptions of the terminology used, the book presents a case study at the end of each major chapter, which demonstrates how the grammatical resources discussed can be applied to the delicate analysis of authentic texts. This monograph is more than a grammar book, for it offers a new way to engage with a text microscopically and enables readers to approach and analyse a text by focusing on grammatical units below the clause level. The book provides an accessible and valuable resource for readers who are interested in SFL-based typological description, text analysis, translation studies between English and Chinese, English–Chinese comparative linguistic studies, and Chinese language teaching and learning.

<p>This new edition of <em>Chinese: An Essential Grammar</em> is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese grammar.</p> <p>Jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This <em>Grammar</em> aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.</p> <p>It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.<br> <br> Features include:</p> <p><br> </p> <ul> <li style="list-style: none"><br> </li> <li>a new chapter on paragraph development</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanization, alongside all examples</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>literal and colloquial translations in English to illustrate language points</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>detailed contents list and index for easy access to information</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>a glossary of grammatical terms.</li> </ul>

<p>This new edition of <em>Chinese: An Essential Grammar</em> is an up-to-date and concise reference guide to modern Chinese grammar.</p> <p>Jargon free, it presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. This <em>Grammar</em> aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections.</p> <p>It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.<br> <br> Features include:</p> <p><br> </p> <ul> <li style="list-style: none"><br> </li> <li>a new chapter on paragraph development</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>Chinese characters, as well as the pinyin romanization, alongside all examples</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>literal and colloquial translations in English to illustrate language points</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>detailed contents list and index for easy access to information</li> <li style="list-style: none"><br> <p><br> </p> </li> <li>a glossary of grammatical terms.</li> </ul>