Foreword
Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Editors
1 Elicitor Signal Transduction Leading to the Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Plant Metabolites
1.3 Elicitor and Its Type
1.4 Application of Elicitors on the Production of Secondary Metabolites
1.4.1 Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Abiotic Elicitors
1.4.1.1 Effect of Arachidonic and Jasmonic Acid Elicitors on Secondary Metabolites of Wheatgrass
1.4.1.2 Effect Abiotic Elicitors on Secondary Metabolites of Thyme, Greater Celandine and Parsley
1.4.1.3 Effect of Abiotic Elicitor on Triterpenoid Accumulation in Centella asiatica
1.4.1.4 Effect of Abiotic Elicitor on Affinin Contents in Heliopsis longipes (Chilcuague)
1.4.1.5 Effects of Abiotic Elicitor on Hypocrellin a Content in Shiraia bambusicola
1.4.1.6 Effects of Abiotic Elicitor on Steviosides Production in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Calli
1.4.1.7 Effect of Light as Abiotic Elicitor on the Secondary Metabolite Growth in Stevia rebaudiana
1.4.1.8 Effect of Gamma Radiation on Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra
1.4.1.9 Effects of Abiotic Elicitors on Secondary Metabolites of Vitis vinifera Suspension Culture
1.4.1.10 Effect of Salicylic Acid on Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Marine Microalgae Arthrospira platensis
1.4.1.11 Effect of Abiotic Elicitor on Growth of Secondary Metabolites in Broccoli Plant
1.4.1.12 Effect of Abiotic Elicitors on Steviol and Adventitious Root Growth in Stevia rebaudiana Plant
1.4.1.13 Effect of Ultrasound on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Tomato Plant
1.4.1.14 Effect of Abiotic Elicitors on Metabolite Accumulation of Trifolium resupinatum
1.4.1.15 Effect of MJ Abiotic Elicitor on Anthraquinone Production in Rubia tinctorum
1.4.1.16 Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Gymnemic Acid Production in Gymnema Sylvestre
1.4.1.17 Effect of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle on Secondary Metabolite in Atropa belladonna
1.4.1.18 Effect of Temperature on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Cold Environment Soil Fungi
1.4.1.19 Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Secondary Metabolite Production in Panax ginseng
1.4.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Biotic Elicitors
1.4.2.1 Plant Growth Regulating Rhizobacteria Stimulated Secondary Metabolite Growth in Pennyroyal
1.4.2.2 Effect of Carrageenan on Secondary Metabolite Growth in Chickpea and Maize Plant
1.4.2.3 Effect of Fungal Elicitor on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity in French Bean Cells
1.4.2.4 Effect of Endophytic Fungi on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Rumex gmelini Turcz
1.4.2.5 Effect of Chitosan on Flavonoid Productivity in Isatis tinctoria L. Hairy Root Cultures
1.4.2.6 Effect of Biotic Elicitor on Glyceollin in Soybean (Glycine max)
1.4.2.7 Effect of Fungal Biotic Elicitor in Sign-Al Transduction in Potato Tubers
1.4.2.8 Effect of Carbohydrate on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Fagonia indica
1.4.2.9 Effect of Dextran on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation and Improve Defense in Tomato Fruit
1.4.2.10 Effect of Yeast on Vincristine and Vinblastine Production in Catharanthus roseus Plant
1.4.2.11 Effect of Chitosan on Curcumin Production and Improved Defense in Curcuma longa Plant
1.4.3 Production of Secondary Metabolites Using Abiotic-Biotic Dual Elicitors
1.4.3.1 Effects of Microbial Elicitors on Glycyrrhizic Acid Production in Taverniera cuneifolia Culture
1.4.3.2 Effects of Yeast and MJ on β-thujaplicin in Cupressus lusitanica Culture
1.4.3.3 Effects of Yeast, Chitosan, MJ and Heat on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Khus Root Extracts
1.4.3.4 Effects of Yeast and MJ on Silymarin Production in Silybum marianum Culture
1.4.3.5 Effects of MJ, Phenylacetic Acid and Light Elicitors on Ajuga bracteosa
1.4.3.6 Effects of Salicylic Acid, Yeast and Casein Hydrolysate on Colchicine and Thiocolchicoside Production from Gloriosa superba Plant
1.4.3.7 Effects of Yeast and MJ on Polyphenolic Compound in Aster scaber Plant
1.4.3.8 Effects of Phenylalanine, Salicylic Acid and Chitosan on Secondary Metabolites of Coleus aromaticus Benth
1.4.3.9 Effects of MJ, Chitosan and Microbial Lysates on Essential Oil Accumulation in Rhododendron tomentosum
1.4.3.10 Effects of Yeast, MJ and Salicylic Acid on Ursolic Acid and Eugenol Production in Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 An Introduction to Bioactive Natural Products and General Applications
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bioactive Natural Compounds: Distribution and Geographical Sources
2.3 Phytochemistry of Bioactive Natural Compounds
2.4 General Applications of Bioactive Natural Products
2.4.1 Traditional Medicine
2.4.2 Plant Based Pesticides and Agrochemical Industry
2.4.3 Pharmacological Applications in Drugs Development
2.4.4 Cosmetics
2.5 Delivery Technology for Bioactive Natural Products
2.5.1 Components of Nanoemulsion
2.5.1.1 Surfactants
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classifications and Sources of Plant Polysaccharides
3.2.1 Plant Gums
3.2.2 Plant Mucilages
3.2.3 Plant Starches
3.3 Applications of Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
3.3.1 Emulsions
3.3.2 Suspensions
3.3.3 Tablets
3.3.4 Capsules
3.3.5 Beads
3.3.6 Microparticles
3.3.7 Nanoparticles
3.3.8 Liposomes
3.3.9 Transdermal Formulations
3.3.10 Buccal Formulations
3.3.11 Nasal Formulations
3.3.12 Ophthalmic Formulations
3.3.13 Colon-Targeting Formulations
3.3.14 Dental Formulations
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 The Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Cure
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention via Antioxidant Activity
4.3 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention Via Pro-Oxidant Activity
4.4 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Cure Via Apoptosis Induction
4.5 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Cure Via Necrosis Induction
4.6 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Cure Via Autophagy Induction
4.7 Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Cure Via Regulation of miRNA
4.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Role of Stress and Defense in Plant Secondary Metabolites Production
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Abiotic Stress
5.2.1 Electromagnetic Sources
5.2.1.1 Light
5.2.1.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields
5.2.2 Acoustic Emissions
5.2.3 Nanoparticles
5.2.4 Metals and Salt Metals
5.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds
5.2.6 Nutrient Deficiency
5.3 Biotic Stress
5.3.1 Bacteria and Viruses
5.3.2 Fungi
5.3.3 Phytohormones
5.3.4 miRNA
5.4 Future Perspectives
References
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants and Their Immunomodulatory Activities
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Immunomodulators
6.2.1 Plant-Derived Bioactive as Immunomodulators
6.2.1.1 Curcumin
6.2.1.2 Resveratrol
6.2.1.3 Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
6.2.1.4 Quercetin
6.2.1.5 Colchicine
6.2.1.6 Capsaicin
6.2.1.7 Andrographolide
6.2.1.8 Genistein
6.2.2 Classification of Immunomodulators
6.2.2.1 Based on the Mechanism of Action
6.2.2.2 Based on Molecular Weight
6.2.3 Low Molecular Weight Immunomodulators
6.2.4 High Molecular Weight Immunomodulators
6.2.5 High Throughput Screening (HTS) for Plants and Bioactive Compounds
6.3 Immunomodulatory Plants
6.3.1 Acacia Catechu/Senegalia Catechu (Family: (Fabaceae))
6.3.2 Acorus Calamus (Family: Acoraceae)
6.3.3 Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae)
6.3.4 Andrographis Paniculate (Family: Acanthaceae)
6.3.5 Azadirachta Indica (Family: Meliaceae)
6.3.6 Boerhavia Diffusa (Family: Nyctaginaceae)
6.3.7 Clerodendrum Splendens (Family: Lamiaceae)
6.3.8 Curcuma Longa (Family: Zingiberaceae)
6.3.9 Cynodon Dactylon (Family: Poaceae)
6.3.10 Ficus Benghalensis (Family: Moraceae)
6.3.11 Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch (Family: Fabaceae)
6.3.12 Murraya Koenigii (Family: Rutaceae)
6.3.13 Ocimum Sanctum (Family: Lamiaceae)
6.3.14 Panax Ginseng (Family: Araliaceae)
6.3.15 Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora (Family: Scrophulariaceae)
6.3.16 Syzygium Aromaticum (Family: Myrtaceae)
6.3.17 Terminalia Arjuna (Family: Combretaceae)
6.3.18 Tinospora Cordifolia (Family: Menispermaceae)
6.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
7 Antibacterial and Antifungal Plant Metabolites from the Tropical Medicinal Plants
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Target for Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance Mechanisms
7.3 Tropical Plants with Relevant Antibacterial Activities
7.4 Synergisms of Phytochemicals and Conventional Antimicrobial Drugs
7.5 Antibiotic Resistance—Combination Therapy (Antibiotic + Phytochemical/Plant Extract)
7.6 Essential Oils with Antimicrobial Activity from Tropical Medicinal Plants
7.7 Plant-Derived Natural Products with Antifungal Activity
7.8 Fungal Resistance and Modulatory Potential of Extracts, Fractions and Essential Oil from Tropical Medicinal Species
7.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
8 Capillary Electrophoresis: A New Evolutionary Platform of Plant Secondary Metabolites
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Principle of the Technique
8.1.2 Nature of Spt
8.2 Factors Effecting Spt
8.2.1 I.P
8.2.2 Esp
8.3 Instrumentation
8.4 Difference Between C.e and Others Spt Technique
8.5 Application
8.5.1 Quaternary Alkaloidal Compounds
8.5.1.1 Opium
8.5.2 Flavonoid
8.5.3 Terpenoids
8.5.3.1 Mono Tps
8.5.3.2 Di-Tps
8.5.3.3 Tri-Tps
8.5.4 Coumarin Derivatives
8.5.5 Quinones
8.5.6 Polyamine
8.6 Capillary Electrophoresis Non Aquas (C.eN) for Bioactive Compound
8.7 Online C.e Concentration
8.8 C.e Versus C.e MS
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Camptothecin: Occurrence, Chemistry and Mode of Action
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Camptothecin Discovery and Its Chemistry
9.3 Natural Sources of Camptothecin
9.3.1 Camptothecin from Plants
9.3.2 Camptothecin from Endophytes
9.4 Mode of Action of Camptothecin
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Secondary Metabolites from Plant Sources
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Comparison of Secondary Metabolites with Primary Metabolites
10.2 Alkaloids
10.3 Saponins
10.4 Phenolic Compounds
10.4.1 Simple Phenolics
10.4.2 Coumarins
10.4.3 Flavonoids
10.4.4 Chromones and Xanthones
10.4.5 Tannins
10.4.6 Stilbenes
10.4.7 Lignans
10.5 Terpenes and Terpenoids
10.5.1 Hemiterpenes
10.5.2 Monoterpenes
10.5.3 Sesquiterpenes
10.5.4 Diterpenes
10.5.5 Sesterterpenes
10.5.6 Triterpenes
10.5.7 Sesquarterpenes
10.5.8 Tetraterpenes
10.5.9 Polyterpenes
10.6 Carbohydrates
10.7 Lipids (Fixed Oil, Fats, Waxes and Phospholipids)
10.7.1 Fixed Oils
10.7.2 Waxes
10.7.3 Phospholipids
10.7.4 Fatty Acids
10.8 Glycosides
10.9 Conclusion
References
11 Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications of Fenugreek Gum
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Natural Gums
11.1.2 Fenugreek Gum
11.1.3 Chemical Composition of Fenugreek Seed
11.2 Galactomannan: The Chief Constituent of Fenugreek Gum
11.2.1 Structural Properties
11.2.2 Physicochemical Properties
11.2.3 Biosafety and Toxicological Studies
11.3 Drug Delivery Applications of Fenugreek Gum
11.3.1 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery
11.3.2 Gastroretentive Drug Delivery
11.3.3 Colon Drug Delivery
11.3.4 Vaginal Drug Delivery
11.3.5 Aerogels
11.4 Fenugreek Gum as a Pharmaceutical Excipient
11.4.1 Retarding Agent
11.4.2 Super-disintegrating Agent
11.4.3 Mucoadhesive and Bioadhesive Agent
11.4.4 Matrix Forming Agent
11.4.5 Bioavailability Enhancer
11.4.6 Microencapsulation of Probiotic
11.5 Therapeutic Applications of Fenugreek Gum
11.5.1 Antidiabetic Property
11.5.2 Hypolipidemic Potential and Role in Fat Accumulation
11.5.3 Anti-inflammatory Potential
11.5.4 Anticancer Potential
11.5.5 Hepatoprotective Potential
11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
12 Antimicrobial Application Potential of Phytoconstituents from Turmeric and Garlic
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Turmeric
12.2.1 Phytochemistry of Turmeric
12.2.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Curcuminoids
12.3 Garlic
12.3.1 Phytochemistry of Garlic
12.3.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Phytochemicals of Garlic
12.4 Applications
12.4.1 Antimicrobial Applications of Phytoconstituents from Turmeric
12.4.2 Antimicrobial Applications of Phytoconstituents of Garlic
12.4.3 Nanoformulation Based Applications
12.4.4 Nanoparticles
12.4.4.1 Nanohydrogels
12.4.4.2 Quantum Dots
12.4.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.4.4 Polymeric Micelles
12.4.4.5 Microemulsions
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties and Molecular Mechanisms
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Search Methodology
13.3 Extraction and Isolation of Carvacrol
13.4 Biosynthesis of Carvacrol
13.5 Physical Properties
13.6 Metabolism and Excretion of Carvacrol
13.7 Acute Toxicity of Carvacrol
13.8 Antioxidant Activity
13.9 Antimicrobial Effect
13.10 Anticancer Effect of Carvacrol and the Related Mechanism of Actions
13.11 Carvacrol Derivatives with Pharmacological Activities
13.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Pharmaceutical Application of Bio-actives from Alstonia Genus: Current Findings and Future Directions
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Botanical Description
14.3 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
14.3.1 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Scholaris
14.3.1.1 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities
14.3.1.2 Cytotoxic Activities
14.3.1.3 Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects
14.3.1.4 Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Inhibitory Activity and β2 Adrenoreceptor (AR) Activation
14.3.1.5 Antiviral Activity
14.3.1.6 Antiallergic and Antitussive Effects
14.3.1.7 Metabolic Enzymes (α-Glucoside, α-Amylase, and Pancreatic Lipase) Inhibitory Effects
14.3.1.8 Anti-tubercular Activities
14.3.1.9 Antimalarial Activities
14.3.1.10 Hypoglycemic Activities
14.3.1.11 Hepatomodular Effects
14.3.1.12 Anticataract Activity
14.3.1.13 Anti-fertility Effects
14.3.2 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Macrophylla
14.3.2.1 Cytotoxicity Effects
14.3.2.2 Antiplasmodial Activity
14.3.2.3 Vasorelaxant Activities
14.3.2.4 Neuroleptic Activity
14.3.2.5 Contraceptive Effects
14.3.2.6 Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLT) Inhibiting Potential
14.3.2.7 Antifungal and Antibacterial Effects
14.3.2.8 Cholinesterase Inhibition Activity
14.3.3 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Angustifolia
14.3.3.1 Anti-protozoal and Antiplasmodial Activities
14.3.3.2 Cytotoxicity Studies
14.3.3.3 NF-κB (P65) Inhibitory Activity and Antileishmanial Activity
14.3.4 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Boonei
14.3.4.1 Behavioral, Acute Toxicity Effects, Diuretic Study, Cardiovascular Activity Studies, and Neuromuscular Activity
14.3.4.2 Antiarthritic Effect
14.3.4.3 Serine Protease Inhibitory Potential
14.3.4.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity
14.3.4.5 Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
14.3.4.6 Cytotoxic Activities
14.3.5 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Venenata
14.3.5.1 Hypertensive and Neuroleptic Properties
14.3.5.2 Psychopharmacological Effects
14.3.5.3 Antifungal Activities
14.3.6 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Yunnanensis
14.3.6.1 Cytotoxic and Anti-inflammatory Activity
14.3.7 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Spatulata
14.3.7.1 Cytotoxicity Activity
14.3.8 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Rupestris
14.3.8.1 Cytotoxicity Activity
14.3.8.2 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
14.3.8.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
14.3.9 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Rostrata
14.3.9.1 Cytotoxic Activities
14.3.10 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Pneumatophora
14.3.10.1 Anti-melanogenic Properties
14.3.10.2 Nitric Oxide Production Inhibition
14.3.11 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Penangiana
14.3.11.1 Cytotoxic Activities
14.3.12 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Mairei
14.3.12.1 Cytotoxic Activities
14.3.13 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Congensis
14.3.13.1 Antiplasmodial Activity
14.3.14 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Angustiloba
14.3.14.1 Vasorelaxant Activities
14.3.14.2 Cytotoxicity Activities
14.3.15 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of A. Actinophylla
14.3.15.1 Carboxypeptidase U (CPU) Inhibitor Activity
14.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolite Identification
14.5 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Values of Alstonia Genus
14.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds as Antidiabetic Agents
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanisms of Action of Antidiabetic Substances
15.3 α-Amilase Inhibitors
15.4 α-Glucosidase Inhibition
15.5 Activation of Glucose Transporters
15.6 Activation of Insulin Secretion
15.7 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
16 An Overview of the Bioactivities of Gedunin
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Bioactivities of Gedunin
16.2.1 Anti-Cancer Properties of Gedunin
16.2.1.1 Combinatorial Treatment Using Gedunin Enhances Anti-cancer Properties
16.2.2 Anti-neurological Disorders and Cryoprotective Effects of Gedunin
16.2.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Gedunin
16.2.4 Anti-parasitic Effects of Gedunin and Derivatives
16.2.5 Antimicrobial Effects of Gedunin and Derivatives
16.2.6 Insect Growth Inhibition Effects of Gedunin and Derivatives
16.3 Commercial Potential of Gedunin
16.4 Conclusion and Gaps of Knowledge
Author Contributions
References
17 Biological Activities of Marine Products and Nutritional Importance
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Marine Organisms: Source of Nutrition
17.2.1 Proteins
17.2.2 Lipids and Fatty Acids
17.2.3 Sterols
17.2.4 Carbohydrates
17.2.4.1 Polysaccharides
17.2.4.2 Oligosaccharides
17.2.5 Antioxidants
17.2.5.1 Polyphenolic Compounds
17.2.5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments
17.2.6 Vitamins and Minerals
17.3 Marine Sources for Pharmacological Effect
17.3.1 Anti-cancer
17.3.2 Anti-Cardiovascular Effect
17.3.3 Anti-coagulant Activity
17.3.4 Anti-obesity
17.3.5 Bone Growth and Healing
17.3.6 Anti-inflammatory Activities
17.3.7 Neuroprotective Agents
17.4 Summary
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Cardiac Tissue Engineering: A Role for Natural Biomaterials
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Approaches for CTE Using Natural Biomaterials, Cell-Sheet and Decellularized Tissues
18.3 Natural Biomaterials Used in ‘Classical’ CTE
18.3.1 Collagen I
18.3.2 Gelatin
18.3.3 Fibrin
18.3.4 Alginate
18.3.5 Chitosan
18.3.6 Fibroin/Silk Fibroin
18.3.7 Decellularized ECM
18.3.8 Other Natural Biomaterials
18.4 Enhancing the Elasticity and Electrical Conductivity of Natural Biomaterials for CTE
18.5 Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Natural Polymers for CTE
18.6 Natural Biomaterials as Coating Materials
18.7 Types of Scaffolds for CTE from Natural Biomaterials
18.7.1 Fibrous Scaffolds
18.7.2 Porous Scaffolds/sponges
18.7.3 Hydrogels
18.7.4 Bio-Fabricated/Micro-Fabricated Scaffolds
18.8 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
19 The Importance of Natural Products in Cosmetics
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.3 From Past to Future
19.4 Source of Natural Products
19.5 Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products or Essential Oils
19.6 Plants-Derived Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals
19.6.1 Manufacture of Plant-Derived Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals
19.6.2 Substances of Plant-Based Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals
19.7 Applications of Natural Products in Cosmetics
19.7.1 Natural Products as Skin Care Agents
19.7.2 Natural Products as Hair Care Agents
19.7.3 Essential Oils Used as Cosmetics
19.8 New Trends in Cosmetics (Plant Origin of By-Products)
19.8.1 By-Products from Citrus Fruits
19.8.2 By-Products from Tomato and Olive
19.8.3 By-Products Processing from Coffee
19.9 Future Prospects and Conclusions
References
20 Encapsulation of Bioactive Compound and Its Therapeutic Potential
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Rationale for Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds
20.3 Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds
20.3.1 Microencapsulation
20.3.2 Nano-based Encapsulation Platforms for Bioactive Compounds
20.3.2.1 Polymeric Nanocapsules
20.3.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
20.3.2.3 Liposomes and Phytosomes
20.3.2.4 Self-emulsifying Systems
20.3.2.5 Niosomes
20.3.2.6 Hydrogels
20.3.2.7 Electrodynamic Processes
20.3.2.8 Solid Dispersion and Micelles
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Tannins and Polyphenols Extracted from Natural Plants and Their Versatile Application
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Tannin Occurrence: Plants Containing Tannins
21.3 Classification of Tannins
21.3.1 Gallotannins
21.3.2 Ellagitannins
21.3.3 Condensed Tannins
21.3.4 Complex Tannins
21.4 Biosynthetic Pathways of Tannins
21.4.1 Biosynthesis of Hydrolysable Tannins
21.4.2 Biosynthesis of Condensed and Complex Tannins
21.5 Extraction Process of Tannins
21.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Tannins
21.7 Chemical Tests of Tannins
21.7.1 Qualitative Tests
21.7.2 Quantitative Tests
21.8 Activities of Tannins
21.8.1 Anti-oxidant Properties
21.8.2 Anti-microbial Properties
21.9 Anti-viral Properties
21.9.1 Cardioprotective Activity
21.9.2 Anti-histaminic Property
21.9.3 Cytotoxic and Anticancer Activity
21.9.4 Anti-diabetic Property
21.9.5 Anti-obesity Action
21.9.6 Anti-inflammatory Action
21.9.7 Anti-aging Properties
21.9.8 Other Therapeutic Activities of Tannins
21.10 Tannins in Industry
21.11 Tannins in Cosmeceuticals
21.12 Tannins in Neutraceuticals
21.13 Conclusion
References
22 Piperine: Sources, Properties, Applications, and Biotechnological Production
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Biosynthesis of Piperine
22.3 Extraction Techniques
22.4 Effect on Heart
22.5 Effect on Pentobarbitone Sleeping Time
22.6 Bioavailability of Drugs
22.7 Effect on Enzymes
22.8 Effects on Antioxidant Pathways in Tissues from Diabetic Rats
22.9 Effect on the CNS
22.10 Effect on Acute Kidney Injury
22.11 Anticonvulsant Mechanisms of Piperine
22.12 Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Activity
22.13 Larvicidal Effects
22.14 Inhibits B Lymphocyte Activation and Effector Functions
22.15 The Anti-tumor Effectiveness and Mechanisms Accompanied with the Combination of Docetaxel-Piperine
22.16 Allergic Encephalomyelitis
22.17 Memory Enhancer and Restoration of Myelin Damage
22.18 Effect on Carbamazepine Metabolism
22.19 Bioenhancer Effects
22.20 Ayurvedic Formulations
22.21 Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons Induced by Piperine is Distinct from that Induced by Low Potassium Medium
22.22 KV Channel as Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer Treatment
22.23 Piperine Impairs the Migration and T Cell-Activating Function of Dendritic Cells
22.24 Piperine-Laden Nanoparticles with Increased Dissolving and Improved Bioavailability for Controlling Epilepsy
22.25 In Vitro Cytotoxic and In Silico Activity
22.26 Conclusion
References
23 Protein and Enzymes Isolated from Plant Sources and Their Utilization in Pharmaceutical Field
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Classification of pRt
23.1.2 Elemental Composition of Proteins
23.1.3 Classification Ama
23.1.4 Properties of pRt
23.1.4.1 Solubility
23.1.4.2 Molecular Weight
23.1.4.3 Chemical Nature of pRt
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Hydrogen Bonding
Disulphide Bonding
Electrostatic/Ionic Bonding
Hydrophobic Bonding
23.1.4.4 Quaternary Structure
23.2 pRt Sources: Animals and PlT
23.3 Some Important pRt, Their Characteristics and Uses
23.3.1 Soybean
23.3.2 Wheat
23.3.3 Corn Zein
23.3.4 Pea pRt
23.3.5 Rice pRt
23.3.6 Sunflower pRt
23.4 Isolation of pRt
23.4.1 Selective Precipitation Methods
23.4.1.1 Salting Out
23.4.2 Isoionic Precipitation
23.4.2.1 Column Method
23.4.2.2 Dialysis Method
23.4.3 Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)
23.4.4 Mass Spectrometry of pRt
23.5 Application of pRt
23.6 Introduction of Ezm
23.6.1 Nomenclature and Classification of Ezm
23.6.2 Chemical Nature and Properties of Ezm
23.6.3 Mechanism of Ezm Action
23.6.4 Important Industrial Ezm and Their Sources
23.6.5 Ezm Derived from PlT Sources
23.6.5.1 Actinidin
23.6.5.2 α-Amylase
23.6.5.3 β-Amylase
23.6.5.4 Bromelain
23.6.5.5 β–Glucanase
23.6.5.6 Ficin
23.6.5.7 Lipooxygenase (LipOXse)
23.6.5.8 Papain
23.7 Pharmaceutical Applications
23.8 Conclusion
References
24 Advances and Perspectives of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid as a Bioactive Compound in Food
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Why is GABA Important?
24.1.2 Alternative Synthetic Methods of GABA
24.2 Pharmaceutical Properties of GABA
24.2.1 Anti-Hypertensive Effect of GABA
24.2.2 GABA as Neuroprotective Compound and for Neurological Disorders
24.2.3 GABA as Anti-obesity Agent
24.2.4 Antimutagenic and Antimicrobial Activities of γ-Aminobutyric Acid
24.2.5 GABA as Anti-stress Compound
24.2.6 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Thyroid Dysfunction
24.2.7 GABA as Renoprotective
24.3 GABA as Bioactive Compound in Food
24.3.1 Microorganisms as Sources of GABA/GAD
24.3.2 Plants as a Source of GABA and GABA Enriched Food
24.3.3 Dairy Products and Beverages as GABA Sources
24.3.4 Marine Sources of GABA
24.4 Techniques for GABA Enrichment and Advances in GABA Production
24.4.1 GABA Production by LAB
24.4.2 GABA Production by Other Microorganisms
24.4.3 Factors Affecting GABA Levels
24.4.3.1 Effect of pH
24.4.3.2 Effect of Temperature and Time
24.4.3.3 Effect of Additives
24.4.4 Advances in GABA Production Techniques
24.4.4.1 Immobilized Cell Technology
24.4.4.2 Gradient–Controlling Fermentation
24.4.4.3 Molecularly Engineered GAD
24.4.4.4 Coculturing GABA Producing Strains
24.4.4.5 Other Techniques
24.5 Conclusion
References
25 Medicinal Attribution of Ginsenoside: A Huge Source of Plant Bioactive Compound
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Biosynthesis of GND
25.3 Biotransformation of GND
25.4 Medicinal and Nutraceutical Applications
25.4.1 Anti-carcinogenic Effects
25.4.2 Cytotoxic and Anti TUm Activity
25.4.3 Inhibition of TUm CeL Invasion and MaTs
25.4.4 Inhibition of TUm Angiogenesis
25.4.5 Immunomodulatory Effects
25.4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity
25.4.7 Antistress Activity
25.4.8 Memory, Learning, and NEur Protection
25.4.9 Anti-diabetic Activity
25.5 Conclusions
References
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