本书主要以电动机为研究对象, 基于在美国德克萨斯 A&M 大学电机和电力电子实验室的多年研究与开发, 作者给出了故障起因和后果的基本原理, 对于多种故障诊断技术进行了研究, 为电机故障诊断和状态监测提供了应用指导。 全书共有 11 章, 首先利用绕组函数法、 等效磁路法建立了电机故障模型; 然后利用有限元方法分析了电机故障机理, 并详细讲解了基于频域分析技术、 基于模型技术、 应用模式识别技术和电机电流特征分析 (MCSA) 等的电机故障诊断方法; 最后给出了基于 DSP 的电机故障诊断的实现方案, 以及基于参考系理论的混合电动汽车故障诊断应用和诊断中的鲁棒信号处理技术。本书集故障建模、 诊断和应用于一体, 是一本理论分析和实践应用完美结合的于一卷的好书, 可作为电机领域工程技术人员的参考书, 也可作为高等院校有关专业高年级师生的参考书。

ISES Solar World Congress is the most important conference in the solar energy field around the world. The subject of ISES SWC 2007 is Solar Energy and Human Settlement, it is the first time that it is held in China. This proceedings consist of 600 papers and 30 invited papers, whose authors are top scientists and experts in the world. ISES SWC 2007 covers all aspects of renewable energy, including PV, collector, solar thermal electricity, wind, and biomass energy.

The Book Introduces Gas Explosion Technology (get) And Its Applications In Biomass Refineries. In This Book An Overview Of Get Is Provided, The Mechanisms Are Thoroughly Discussed. The Chapters Also Cover The Latest Processes And Equipments Of Get, Including Equipment Selection, Parameter Determination And Engineering Scaling-up. Last But Not Least The Applications Of Get Are Introduced In Details. It Is An Excellent Reference And Guidance For Scientists Engaging In The Research Of Biomass And Biotechnology. Professor Hongzhang Chen Is The Vice Director And Supervisor Of The State Key Laboratory Of Biochemical Engineering At The Institute Of Process Engineering Of The Chinese Academy Of Sciences. Introduction -- Principles Of Gas Explosion Technology -- Unit Operations Of Gas Explosion Technology -- Process Development Of Gas Explosion Technology -- Characterization And Determinations Of Gas-exploded Materials -- Applications Of Gas Explosion Technology In Biomass Refinery -- Conclusion. By Hongzhang Chen.

The use of electric power substations in generation, transmission, and distribution remains one of the most challenging and exciting areas of electric power engineering. Recent technological developments have had a tremendous impact on all aspects of substation design and operation. With 80% of its chapters completely revised and two brand-new chapters on energy storage and Smart Grids, Electric Power Substations Engineering, Third Edition provides an extensive updated overview of substations, serving as a reference and guide for both industry and academia. Contributors have written each chapter with detailed design information for electric power engineering professionals and other engineering professionals (e.g., mechanical, civil) who want an overview or specific information on this challenging and important area.This book: Emphasizes the practical application of the technology Includes extensive use of graphics and photographs to visually convey the book's concepts Provides applicable IEEE industry standards in each chapter Is written by industry experts who have an average of 25 to 30 years of industry experience Presents a new chapter addressing the key role of the substation in Smart Grids Editor John McDonald and this very impressive group of contributors cover all aspects of substations, from the initial concept through design, automation, and operation. The book's chapters—which delve into physical and cyber-security, commissioning, and energy storage—are written as tutorials and provide references for further reading and study.As with the other volumes in the Electric Power Engineering Handbook series, this book supplies a high level of detail and, more importantly, a tutorial style of writing and use of photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. Several chapter authors are members of the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Substations Committee and are the actual experts who are developing the standards that govern all aspects of substations. As a result, this book contains the most recent technological developments in industry practice and standards.Watch John D. McDonald talk about his bookA volume in the Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Third Edition.Other volumes in the set: K12642 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439856284) K12648 Power Systems, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439856338) K13917 Power System Stability and Control, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439883204) K12643 Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Third Edition (ISBN: 9781439856291)

As power systems develop to incorporate renewable energy sources, the delivery systems may be disrupted by the changes involved. The grid’s technology and management must be developed to form Smart Grids between consumers, suppliers and producers. Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids considers the specific side effects related to electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the application of these Smart Grids.Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids presents specific EMI conducted phenomena as well as effective methods to filter and handle them once identified. After introduction to Smart Grids, the following sections cover dedicated methods for EMI reduction and potential avenues for future development including chapters dedicated to:•potential system services,•descriptions of the EMI spectra shaping methods,•methods of interference voltage compensation, and theoretical analysis of experimental results. By focusing on these key aspects, Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Smart Grids provides a concise and comprehensive coverage of an extensive subject matter. It constitutes a key resource for any industry practitioners, researchers or system designers with interest in Smart Grids, particularly their electromagnetic compatibility in the conducted EMI frequency range. Erscheinungsdatum: 23.03.2012

科目 关键字 自主式传感器系统的能量收集:设计、分析以及实践应用 1 前折页 2 书名页 3 译者序 5 原书前言 7 目录 11 第1章 概述 15 1.1 WSN的动机 17 1.1.1 WSN的结构 18 1.1.2 WSN的应用 22 1.1.3 WSN的无线传感器节点 23 1.2 无线传感器节点供电问题 26 1.2.1 传感器节点的高功耗 26 1.2.2 传感器节点的能源限制 29 1.3 无线传感器节点的能量收集方案 31 1.3.1 EH的概述 31 1.3.2 EH系统 34 1.3.3 对EH系统之前研究的回顾 35 1.4 本书的贡献 41 1.5 本书的结构 43 1.6 本章小结 44 第2章 风能收集系统 45 2.1 使用风力发电机的直接WEH方法 45 2.1.1 风力发电机 47 2.1.2 高效的功率管理电路的设计 49 2.1.3　实验结果 62 2.1.4 本节小结 67 2.2 采用压电材料的间接WEH方法 68 2.2.1 基于振动的压电风能收集器 68 2.2.2 压电风能收集器的特点和性能 78 2.2.3 PPU 82 2.2.4 实验结果 84 2.2.5 本节小结 87 第3章 热能收集系统 88 3.1 热能收集器 88 3.1.1 TEG的介绍 89 3.1.2 热能收集器的分析 90 3.1.3 热能收集器的特性 92 3.2　基于电阻模拟的MPPT 93 3.3 无线传感器节点的TEH的实现 97 3.3.1　降压变换器与基于仿真电阻的最大功率点跟踪 98 3.3.2 储能 99 3.3.3 调节型降压变换器和无线传感器节点 100 3.4 实验结果 100 3.5 本章小结 103 第4章 振动能收集系统 105 4.1 使用压电按钮式点火器的基于冲击力VEH 106 4.1.1 压电式按钮 107 4.1.2 能量存储和功率处理单元 110 4.1.3 实验结果 111 4.1.4 本节小结 115 4.2 使用预应力压电隔膜材料的基于冲击力的VEH 116 4.2.1 预应力压电隔膜材料的综述 117 4.2.2 THUNDER锆钛酸铅双单晶片的特性和性能 119 4.2.3 功率管理电路 122 4.2.4 实验结果 124 4.2.5 本节小结 127 第5章 混合能量收集系统 128 5.1 SEH系统 129 5.2 复合型太阳能和风能(S+W) 132 5.2.1 WEH子系统 133 5.2.2 SEH子系统 134 5.2.3 太阳能和风能的混合型收集系统 139 5.2.4 实验结果 141 5.2.5 本节小结 146 5.3 复合型太阳能,热(S+T)能源 146 5.3.1 室内能源的概述 147 5.3.2 室内SEH子系统 149 5.3.3 TEH子系统 150 5.3.4 太阳能和热能的HEH 153 5.3.5 实验结果 161 5.3.6 本节小结 165 第6章 “无线”电功率传输 167 6.1 从电源线上传输电感耦合功率 168 6.1.1 磁能收集器 169 6.1.2 功率管理电路 172 6.1.3 实验结果 175 6.1.4 本节小结 177 6.2 通过强耦合磁谐振的WPT 178 6.2.1 WPT与磁谐振的概念原理 179 6.2.2 仿真结果 183 6.2.3 WPT系统的特性 186 6.2.4 实验结果 188 6.2.5 本节小结 192 第7章 结论和未来的工作 193 7.1 结论 193 7.2 未来研究工作 194 参考文献 196 后折页 208 版权页 207 绉戠洰 (as-gbk-encoding)

《电力系统稳定与控制》共分为三部分,第1部分为电力系统保护,介绍了变压器保护,同步发电机保护,输电线路保护,系统保护,数字继电保护,利用录波器录波分析系统性能,系统大停电事故等方面的研究内容。第2部分为电力系统动态与稳定性,介绍了电力系统稳定性,暂态稳定性,小信号稳定性和电力系统振荡,电压稳定性,直接法稳定性分析,电力系统稳定控制,电力系统动态建模,广域监测和态势感知,电力系统稳定性与动态安全性能评估,含汽轮发电机电力系统的动态相互作用,电力系统风电接入,柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)的研究内容。第3部分为电力系统运行与控制,介绍了能量管理,发电控制(经济调度、机组组合),状态估计,优潮流计算,安全性分析的研究内容。《电力系统稳定与控制》深入浅出、通俗易懂,非常适合作为电气工程类专业本科生与研究生的教材,也可作为电力系统控制领域研究人员的参考书。目录译者序主编简介撰稿人第1部分 电力系统保护MiroslavMBegovic第1章 变压器保护3 AlexanderApostolov,JohnAppleyard,AhmedElneweihi,RobertHaasandGlennWSwift第2章 同步发电机保护15 GabrielBenmouyal第3章 输电线路保护35 StanleyHHorowitz第4章 系统保护49 MiroslavMBegovic第5章 数字继电保护60 JamesSThorp第6章 利用录波器录波分析系统性能78 JohnRBoyle第7章 系统大停电事故89 IanDobson第2部分 电力系统动态与稳定性PrabhaSKundur第8章 电力系统稳定性97 PrabhaSKundur第9章 暂态稳定性108 KipMorison第10章 小信号稳定性和电力系统振荡119 John Paserba, Juan Sanchez- Gasca, LeiWang, Prabha SKundur, EinarLarsen andCharlesConcordia第11章 电压稳定性143 YakoutMansourandClaudioCan槇izares第12章 直接法稳定性分析155 VijayVittal第13章 电力系统稳定控制168 CarsonWTaylor第14章 电力系统动态建模190 WilliamWPriceandJuanSanchez-Gasca第15章 广域监测和态势感知204 ManuParashar,JayCGiri,ReynaldoNuqui,DmitryKosterev,RMatthewGardner,MarkAdamiak,DanTrudnowski,AranyaChakrabortty,RuiMenezesdeMoraes,VahidMadani,JeffDagle,WalterSattinger,DamirNovosel,MevludinGlavic,YiHu,IanDobson,ArunPhadkeandJamesSThorp第16章 电力系统稳定性与动态安全性能评估248 LeiWangandPouyanPourbeik第17章 含汽轮发电机电力系统的动态相互作用268 BajarangLAgrawal,DonaldGRameyandRichardGFarmer第18章 电力系统风电接入293 RezaIravani第19章 柔性交流输电系统(FACTS) 311 RajivKVarmaandJohnPaserba X 电力系统稳定与控制(原书第3版)第3部分 电力系统运行与控制BruceFWollenberg第20章 能量管理353 NeilKStanton,JayCGiriandAnjanBose第21章 发电控制:经济调度和机组组合365 CharlesWRichterJr第22章 状态估计384 JasonGLindquistandDannyJulian第23章 最优潮流计算396 MohamedEEl-Hawary第24章 安全性分析414 NouredineHadjsaid

This general report, sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, presents a panoramic scenario for China's modernization drive to 2050. It analyzes the evolution and laws governing the development of science and technology, describes the decisive impact of science and technology on the modernization process, predicts that the world is on the eve of an impending S & T revolution, and calls for China to be fully prepared for this new round of S & T advancement. Based on its detailed study of the demands on S & T innovation in China's modernization, it draws a framework for eight basic and strategic systems of socio-economic development with the support of science and technology, works out China's S & T roadmaps for the relevant eight basic and strategic systems in line with China's reality, further details S & T initiatives of strategic importance to China's modernization, and provides S & T decision-makers with comprehensive consultations for the development of S & T innovation consistent with China's reality. Supported by illustrations and tables of data, the general report provides researchers, government officials and even entrepreneurs with guidance concerning research directions, the planning process, and investment. It also serves as a preamble for the eighteen detailed field-specific reports of the committees assigned to craft roadmaps for each sphere of development. Founded in 1949, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the nation's highest academic institution in the natural sciences. Its major responsibilities are to conduct research in basic and technological sciences, to undertake nationwide integrated surveys on natural resources and ecological environment, to provide the country with scientific data and consultations for government's decision-makings, to undertake government-assigned projects with regard to key S & T problems in the process of socio-economic development, to initiate personnel training, and to promote China's high-tech enterprises through its active engagement in these areas

Electric Power Systems: Advanced Forecasting Techniques And Optimal Generation Scheduling Helps Readers Develop Their Skills In Modeling, Simulating, And Optimizing Electric Power Systems. Carefully Balancing Theory And Practice, It Presents Novel, Cutting-edge Developments In Forecasting And Scheduling. The Focus Is On Understanding And Solving Pivotal Problems In The Management Of Electric Power Generation Systems. Methods For Coping With Uncertainty And Risk In Electric Power Generation Outlining Real-world Problems, The Book Begins With An Overview Of Electric Power Generation Systems. Since The Ability To Cope With Uncertainty And Risk Is Crucial For Power Generating Companies, The Second Part Of The Book Examines The Latest Methods And Models For Self-scheduling, Load Forecasting, Short-term Electricity Price Forecasting, And Wind Power Forecasting. Toward Optimal Coordination Between Hydro, Thermal, And Wind Power Using Case Studies, The Third Part Of The Book Investigates How To Achieve The Most Favorable Use Of Available Energy Sources. Chapters In This Section Discuss Price-based Scheduling For Generating Companies, Optimal Scheduling Of A Hydro Producer, Hydro-thermal Coordination, Unit Commitment With Wind Generators, And Optimal Optimization Of Multigeneration Systems. Written In A Pedagogical Style That Will Appeal To Graduate Students, The Book Also Expands On Research Results That Are Useful For Engineers And Researchers. It Presents The Latest Techniques In Increasingly Important Areas Of Power System Operations And Planning.

ISES Solar World Congress is the most important conference in the solar energy field around the world. The subject of ISES SWC 2007 is Solar Energy and Human Settlement, it is the first time that it is held in China. This proceedings consist of 600 papers and 30 invited papers, whose authors are top scientists and experts in the world. ISES SWC 2007 covers all aspects of renewable energy, including PV, collector, solar thermal electricity, wind, and biomass energy.

ISES Solar World Congress is the most important conference in the solar energy field around the world. The subject of ISES SWC 2007 is Solar Energy and Human Settlement, it is the first time that it is held in China. This proceedings consist of 600 papers and 30 invited papers, whose authors are top scientists and experts in the world. ISES SWC 2007 covers all aspects of renewable energy, including PV, collector, solar thermal electricity, wind, and biomass energy.

ISES Solar World Congress is the most important conference in the solar energy field around the world. The subject of ISES SWC 2007 is Solar Energy and Human Settlement, it is the first time that it is held in China. This proceedings consist of 600 papers and 30 invited papers, whose authors are top scientists and experts in the world. ISES SWC 2007 covers all aspects of renewable energy, including PV, collector, solar thermal electricity, wind, and biomass energy.

Providing new insights into the molecular and electronic processes involved in the conversion of sunlight into chemical products, Photoelectrochemical Solar Conversion Systems: Molecular and Electronic Aspects begins with an historical overview and a survey of recent developments in the electrochemistry of semiconductors and spectroscopic technique

《风力发电系统》内容主要面向欧洲,而且很多实例取自德国。对于其他国家和地区,特别是北美和亚洲也有所考虑。《风力发电系统》是从电力工程师的角度编写而成的,可为工科大学生或其他想了解风能概况的工程师提供风能系统的基本知识。

Renewable Energy Integration is a ground-breaking new resource - the first to offer a distilled examination of the intricacies of integrating renewables into the power grid and electricity markets. It offers informed perspectives from internationally renowned experts on the challenges to be met and solutions based on demonstrated best practices developed by operators around the world. The book's focus on practical implementation of strategies provides real-world context for theoretical underpinnings and the development of supporting policy frameworks. The book considers a myriad of wind, solar, wave and tidal integration issues, thus ensuring that grid operators with low or high penetration of renewable generation can leverage the victories achieved by their peers. Renewable Energy Integration highlights, carefully explains, and illustrates the benefits of advanced technologies and systems for coping with variability, uncertainty, and flexibility. Lays out the key issues around the integration of renewables into power grids and markets, from the intricacies of operational and planning considerations, to supporting regulatory and policy frameworks Provides global case studies that highlight the challenges of renewables integration and present field-tested solutions Illustrates enabling and disruptive technologies to support the management of variability, uncertainty and flexibility

<p><P>Also called energy scavenging, energy harvesting captures, stores, and uses "clean" energy sources by employing interfaces, storage devices, and other units. Unlike conventional electric power generation systems, renewable energy harvesting does not use fossil fuels and the generation units can be decentralized, thereby significantly reducing transmission and distribution losses. But advanced technical methods must be developed to increase the efficiency of devices in harvesting energy from environmentally friendly, "green" resources and converting them into electrical energy.<P>Recognizing this need, <b>Energy Harvesting</b><b>&#58; Solar, Wind, and Ocean Energy Conversion Systems</b> describes various energy harvesting technologies, different topologies, and many types of power electronic interfaces for stand-alone utilization or grid connection of energy harvesting applications. Along with providing all the necessary concepts and theoretical background, the authors develop simulation models throughout the text to build a practical understanding of system analysis and modeling.<P>With a focus on solar energy, the first chapter discusses the <b>I&minus;V </b>characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, sun tracking systems, maximum power point tracking systems, shading effects, and power electronic interfaces for grid-connected and stand-alone PV systems. It also presents sizing criteria for applications and modern solar energy applications, including residential, vehicular, naval, and space applications. The next chapter reviews different types of wind turbines and electrical machines as well as various power electronic interfaces. After explaining the energy generation technologies, optimal operation principles, and possible utilization techniques of ocean tidal energy harvesting, the book explores near- and offshore approaches for harvesting the kinetic and potential energy of ocean waves. It also describes the required absorber, turbine, and generator types, along with the power electronic interfaces for grid connection and commercialized ocean wave energy conversion applications. The final chapter deals with closed, open, and hybrid-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion systems.</p>

This book explores the critical role of interfaces in lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the challenges and solutions for enhancing battery performance and safety. It sheds light on the formation and impact of interfaces between electrolytes and electrodes, revealing how side reactions can diminish battery capacity. The book examines the nanochemistry of these reactions, emphasizing their profound influence on overall battery properties. It highlights the urgent need for battery material scientists to develop new additives and chemistries to address these interface-related issues, which have significant industrial implications. After providing a fundamental understanding of Li-ion batteries, the book analyzes the evolution of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) by considering various negative electrode materials such as graphite, silicon, lithium metal, and anode-less configurations. It also explores the chemistries of cathode materials, including their decomposition and methods to mitigate unwanted oxidation. Furthermore, the book discusses the growing interest in solid-state batteries as a future technology, focusing on the reactivity of polymeric and ceramic solid electrolytes with anodes and cathodes, which presents additional challenges at the interface level. Finally, it addresses the specific challenges associated with emerging chemistries like Li-S and Li-air batteries, providing insights into polysulfide formation and LiOH conversion.

This book explores the critical role of interfaces in lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the challenges and solutions for enhancing battery performance and safety. It sheds light on the formation and impact of interfaces between electrolytes and electrodes, revealing how side reactions can diminish battery capacity. The book examines the nanochemistry of these reactions, emphasizing their profound influence on overall battery properties. It highlights the urgent need for battery material scientists to develop new additives and chemistries to address these interface-related issues, which have significant industrial implications. After providing a fundamental understanding of Li-ion batteries, the book analyzes the evolution of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) by considering various negative electrode materials such as graphite, silicon, lithium metal, and anode-less configurations. It also explores the chemistries of cathode materials, including their decomposition and methods to mitigate unwanted oxidation. Furthermore, the book discusses the growing interest in solid-state batteries as a future technology, focusing on the reactivity of polymeric and ceramic solid electrolytes with anodes and cathodes, which presents additional challenges at the interface level. Finally, it addresses the specific challenges associated with emerging chemistries like Li-S and Li-air batteries, providing insights into polysulfide formation and LiOH conversion.

The textbook book discusses the basics required to understand various application of solar energy. It covers basic mathematical tools required to analyze any solar thermal (ST), photo-voltaic (PV), and photo-voltaic thermal (PVT) system. The book provides a platform for undergraduate, postgraduate, researchers, and entrepreneurs to optimize the basic parameters for best performance of any system based on solar energy. The book includes about 500 examples that the reader can use to better understand the subject.

This book offers a collection of papers presented at the 2023 6th International Conference on Green Energy and Environment Engineering (CGEEE 2023), held during July 21-23, 2023 in Jeju Island, Korea. Recent studies, promising ideas and new challenges are discussed among environmental engineers, economists and social scientists, demonstrating new paradigms for problem solving and decision making. The book provides researchers and practitioners in the field of in green energy and environmental science with the latest, cutting-edge thought and research in the field. It will appeal to readers interested in these fields, especially those who are looking for new ideas and research directions.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. The collection covers the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. It also includes rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Rare metal processing covers bio-metallurgy, hydro-metallurgy, and electro-metallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are also addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

This book highlights research presented during the American Solar Energy Society’s 52nd National Solar Conference (ASES SOLAR 2023) held at the University of Colorado Boulder. The conference, with the theme of “Transforming the Energy Landscape for All” attracted a broad base of solar and renewable energy professionals and thought leaders, including researchers, architects, engineers, entrepreneurs, installers, manufacturers, economists, finance professionals, and policymakers – providing a platform for the exchange of ideas, information and business insights and unbiased perspectives on progress toward greater sustainability. These conference papers explore best practices and major roadblocks from a variety of perspectives in the transformation towards 100% renewable energy in the United States, focusing on the challenges to advancing renewables through principles of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion (JEDI).

Access to energy is essential for our daily lives, economic growth, environment, and sustainability. However, our use of fossil fuels has contributed to global climate change, which poses a significant threat to society and life on this planet. Yet, it has been challenging to reconcile the perceived conflict between economics and climate change, which has created deep divisions in our society. ENERGY 2040: Aligning Innovation, Economics, and Decarbonization provides a holistic and comprehensive analysis of the ongoing energy transition and its underlying causes. It presents a viable path to meet the energy, economic, and climate goals by weaving together science, technology, economics, policy, entrepreneurship, and geopolitics. The book presents a captivating narrative that brings together a range of topics, including new and disruptive technologies with steep learning rates, the challenges of the future power grid, the democratization of energy, and reducing the timeline from science to impact at scale. It also explores the complex role of scientific research, disruptive deep tech, entrepreneurship, and policy in accelerating this energy transformation. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the future of energy. Whether you're a scientist, energy-industry practitioner, policymaker, investor, student, or concerned citizen, this book offers critical insights into the complex and evolving world of energy, innovation, decarbonization, and climate change.

Architectural Interior Lighting is an essential guide to creating well-lit, visually appealing interior spaces. The book begins with an overview of light and color theory, lighting fundamentals, and design principles. It then covers artificial, natural, decorative, and professional lighting in interior design, as well as standards and regulations, controls and systems, sustainable lighting, energy efficiency, light pollution reduction, and the use of environmentally friendly materials. With a focus on practical applications and real-world examples, this book provides readers with the tools and knowledge necessary to achieve their design goals while considering the latest trends and techniques in the field. A valuable resource for professionals and students in architecture and lighting design, it will also appeal to anyone interested in creating visually stunning and functional interior spaces.

It is a great honor for us to introduce the book Advancement of Science and Technology in Sustainable Manufacturing and Process Engineering, which includes chapters based on selected papers from the 10th edition of the EAI – International Conference on Advancements of Science and Technology (EAI ICAST 2022). EAI ICAST 2022 is an annual conference that takes place at Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The conference covers topical science and technology issues and has brought together researchers, engineers, developers, practitioners, scholars, scientists, and academicians from around the world.The technical program of EAI ICAST 2022 was organized from seven main tracks: Track 1, Sustainable Processes for Green Technologies; Track 2, Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization for Sustainable Development; Track 3, River Basin Management and Trans-boundary Cooperation; Track 4, Agro-Mechanization and Manufacturing Systems; Track 5, Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering; Track 6, Advances in Green Energy Technologies; and Track 7, Materials for Emerging Technologies. In this book, the Manufacturing and Process Engineering volume, 19 papers related to Agro-Mechanization and Manufacturing Systems and Sustainable Processes for Green Technologies, were accepted for publication.

This book demonstrates how decision-making models can be applied to solve specific real-life problems, with a particular emphasis on wind energy. In a step-by-step manner, it guides the reader through decision-making, the formulation of optimization models, and the methods for solving them. After providing an overview of various models for the design of wind farms, it presents an optimization model for deciding which economy (country) to invest in and models for selecting suppliers. A dedicated chapter focuses on different models for monitoring and predictive maintenance for wind turbines (farms) due to the construction of turbine blades and vibration. It shows how combinatorial optimization models can help to make optimal decisions for one-dimensional cutting stock of blanks, their processing, and determining the optimal composition for production. Moreover, it discusses how the energy consumption balance index formed by conventional and renewable sources can be determined and presents a means of identifying the relative share of wind energy consumption among the other renewable sources. Operations research professionals, students, and decision-makers alike will find this book to be a valuable resource for tackling real-world challenges and driving sustainable advances in wind energy solutions.

Ce livre détaille les principales sources d'énergie renouvelables - solaire, éolienne, hydroélectrique et biomasse - ainsi que celles qui sont moins développées - géothermie, marée et vagues. L'auteur expose les défis que représente l'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans les réseaux électriques, ainsi que la nécessité du stockage de l'énergie. Il examine également les efforts internationaux visant à soutenir les énergies renouvelables et à lutter contre le changement climatique, et détaille les récentes innovations en matière de production d'énergie éolienne et solaire, de stockage et de conversion de l'électricité en gaz pour le chauffage propre.

This book explores the potential of hydrogen combustion in thermal engines and serves as a foundation for future research. Hydrogen, a well-established energy carrier, has been used in internal combustion engines for centuries, but despite progress and industry interest, hydrogen engines have yet to reach mass production. In light of recent efforts to combat climate change with clean energy and environmentally-friendly technologies, the use of hydrogen in thermal engines is gaining momentum. This book examines the unique challenges of hydrogen combustion due to its wide flammability limits, high auto-ignition temperature, and high diffusivity. It reviews current knowledge on the fundamental and practical aspects of hydrogen combustion and considers current developments and potential future advancement.

This book outlines the global opportunity to increase solar photovoltaic (PV) plant energy yields through modelling and analysis. Because it is endlessly available in Earth’s atmosphere, solar PV energy extraction is rising faster than all other renewable energy sources worldwide. Thus, technological improvements are needed to lower the cost of solar PV per watt every year. Since solar PV efficiency is low, modelling and analysis of boost converters, maximum power point tracing, solar PV cleaners, irradiation tracing systems, and panel tilt adjustments all help increase solar PV plant energy yield. Solar Photovoltaic System Modelling and Analysis covers topics such as: Relevance, types, and growth rate of renewable resources How solar PV systems generate electricity Panel varieties and their importance Solar PV designs and architectures Charge controllers, including the latest technologies Boost converter modelling and analysis in MATLAB The necessity of hybrid power plants (modelling and analysis) Designing a solar PV system including panel selection for a specific application, as well as converter and inverter estimation

This book focuses specifically on policy mixes and wind power diffusion in four Nordic countries – Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Although these Nordic welfare states have much in common, they have adopted different wind power policies and experienced dissimilar diffusion trajectories. Understanding these patterns across the Nordic countries is the central puzzle that this book investigates. Empirically, this book provides a first-of-its-kind comparative study of wind power policies in the Nordic countries. Analytically, the authors contribute to the transition policy mix literature, which remains largely insensitive to political feasibility. This book will be of interest to researchers and students as well as private and public decision makers looking for tools to enable the energy transition.

This book contains the proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Engineering (ICEEEE2023) that was held on August 6-8 2023 in Singapore. ICEEEE2023 is organized by Beijing Jiaotong University and Newcastle University. This book provides an international forum for discussion and communication of energy and environmental engineering. It is expected to report the latest technological developments in the fields developed by academic researchers and industrial practitioners, with a focus on renewable energy technologies and systems, energy efficiency and conservation, environmental pollution and control, sustainable development, and green cities. The contents of this proceedings will be useful to researchers, professionals, and policymakers alike.

This book includes selected peer-reviewed articles from the International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technology; ICSET 2023 held at the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with a focus on the theme “Sustainable Energy Technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Topics refer to heat and refrigeration engineering including heat transfer and heat exchanger, energy saving and efficient use of energy, energy safety, sustainable energy development and environmental protection, new energy and renewable energy, techniques for drying and preserving agricultural and food products, boilers and heat network, gasification, pyrolysis technology, air conditioning and ventilation, refrigeration equipment, computational fluid dynamics, computational intelligence in renewable energy, optimization in electrical–electronics systems, advanced manufacturing technologies, robotics and mechatronics, automotive engineering. The book not only provides an awareness on the vital importance of sustainability in technologies, economics, education and countries' development but also highlights the essential roles of technological innovations in attaining sustainable development. It provides an international platform for researchers, practitioners, policymakers and entrepreneurs to present recent advances and to exchange knowledge and experience on various topics related to the theme of sustainable energy technology in the fourth industrial revolution.

This book provides a systematic introduction to power system sub/super-synchronous oscillations caused by grid-connected wind power generation. The authors look at why oscillations occur and present methods for examining the risk of oscillations. Coverage includes state-space model based analysis and impedance model based analysis, which are the two main methods for examining the power system sub/super-synchronous oscillations. In addition, new methods for examining oscillations in wind farms are proposed. Analysis of Power System Sub/Super-Synchronous Oscillations Caused by Grid-connected Wind Power Generation provides researchers and students with a single-volume introduction to the subject and will be a valuable professional reference for practicing engineers looking for solutions to oscillation problems.

This book analyses issues surrounding the efficient integration of demand response programmes in residential communities. It also explores the benefits and energy efficiency co-ordination corresponding to demand response service in a cooperative system. The author explains how sensors, communication technologies, computational ability, and control can be effectively combined to create a demand planification system. Smart appliances (SAs) and other connected devices, together with smart communities (SCs)―which enable energy consumers to pursue common goals through cooperation and coordinated behaviour within the framework of the Internet of things (IoT)―have raised expectations regarding deployment of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) to encourage uptake of demand response (DR) energy efficiency programmes. DR programmes pursue a reduced carbon footprint, balanced supply and demand, and behavioural change in consumers. The book provides sustainable evidence of ICT-supported energy management that can help consumers flexibly manage demand through the formation of sustainable SCs that maximise renewable energy use through large-scale cooperative management mechanisms. SCs cooperating securely in identifying consumption patterns can foster sustainable and efficient energy use, with the outcome of benefits for the participants and for the environment.

The book is unique in highlighting the issue of wastewater as one of the important environmental issues. The uniqueness also lies in exploring the concepts of converting waste into resources in the form of bioenergy, biofertilizers through various biological methods. Given the international scenario, the chapters of this book are designed to include both anaerobic and aerobic methods of resource recovery from the industrial wastewater. The book is a step toward design with nature and the concept of green chemistry. Waste menace is one of the most voiced and unsolved problems in the entire world. The whole world is facing the threat of water pollution, soil pollution/ land pollution, odour pollution from the growing waste. Though we find many missions and programs at international, national, and regional level to solve the waste associated issues, this is mostly in context with the solid fraction of the waste. Very little is being done to manage the liquid part of the waste or what we call the wastewater. The conversion of wastewater has the potential to be converted to energy in the form bioenergy, bio-fertilizers, electricity, nutrient recovery, etc. The use of sludge as biofertilizers solves the problem of sludge management on the one hand and production of organic crops on the other. The biological treatment methods like sludge treatment gives the farmers the source of biofertilizers and organic manure for the plants. In the present scenario, energy crisis is also one of the issues that we are facing particularly in context with the thermal power plants which are environmentally highly polluting. Through various techniques like microbial fuel cells or biohydrogen, we get a source of cleaner energy. So, through this book, we try to produce the content and information to give the audience an understanding of the waste water as one of the environmental and health issues and mitigation strategies. The book gives a sufficient understanding of how waste can be turned into a resource.

This book discusses the microbiology of fermentation for the production of bioethanol from sugarcane. Coverage includes how selected yeasts improve ethanol yield and productivity concerning recent advances at genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels, how microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) interact with each other in fermentation vats, and the application of microbiological monitoring methods with safety and precision. Special attention is given to antimicrobial strategies used to decrease contamination. The book is aimed at professionals working in the bioethanol industry, as well as students and researchers studying biological and biotechnological aspects of applied matters such as industrial microbiology and industrial fermentations. The English translation of this book from its Portuguese original manuscript was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service provider DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision of the content was done bythe author. Covers common microbiological monitoring techniques; Reviews selected yeasts used in the bioethanol industry; Examines the role of bacteria and native yeasts in ethanolic fermentation and methods to control their growth.

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of wind engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the XVII Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering (IN-VENTO), held in Milan, Italy on September 4–7, 2022. It covers highly diverse topics, including aeroelasticity, bluff-body aerodynamics, boundary layer wind tunnel testing, computational wind engineering, structural dynamics and reliability, wind-structure interaction, flow-induced vibrations, wind modeling and forecast, wind disaster mitigation, and wind climate assessment. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

Photovoltaic Sustainability and Management examines photovoltaic (PV) technologies that are widely used to convert light into electrical power. While PV power generation is sustainable and emission-free, the manufacture and placement of PV modules have environmental impacts that need consideration by professionals in the industry. This book: • Discusses the techno-economic, carbon footprint, and life cycle sustainability performances of photovoltaic technologies. • Focuses on nontechnical factors that significantly influence the effectiveness of PV deployment, including challenges, innovations, policies, environmental impacts, location selection, and management. • Investigates PV technologies from life cycle and sustainability perspectives. Photovoltaic Sustainability and Management is for academic researchers, technicians, and consultants engaged in PV research or working in PV technologies or the renewable energy industry.

This book deals with issues related to the efficient utilization of available energy in industrial sites. It also provides a recipe for minimizing the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and reducing the impact of Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) on nature, and presents a variety of insights into thermodynamics, heat transfer, and energy management for teaching purposes. The book will assist beginner and senior engineers to deal with energy issues from a more global perspective.

This book discusses recent work on the use of nanoparticles in energy and environment-related work. This book presents experimental, numerical, analytical, and theoretical work on the use of nanomaterials in energy and environment. This book helps to highlight cutting-edge research and is a ready reference for the researchers working in this arena of academia and industries. This book provides insights related to various forms of nanotechnological applications in green buildings, environmental and electrochemical, solar distillation systems, green energy, storage tank of the SWH system, solar concentrator system's receiver, and CFD simulations of various aspects of nanofluids/hybrid nanofluids, which are particularly useful, valuable for the betterment of society. Erscheinungsdatum: 16.11.2023

In this book, world-leading researchers in corporate sustainability explore the importance of considering environmental, social, and governance criteria to ensure the survival and profitability of a company, as well as the protection of people and the planet. The book serves as a resource for company executives and managers seeking to implement sustainable practices, investors and shareholders interested in how companies address environmental and social challenges, students and academics studying issues related to sustainability and corporate social responsibility, consulting and advisory professionals, and sustainability activists and advocates seeking to learn more about how companies can be part of the solution to environmental and social problems. The authors provide a collection of chapters that rigorously address the contribution of business to sustainable development, making it a valuable resource for anyone looking to understand the importance of sustainability in business.

"Nous ne sommes pas habitués à entendre une personnalité politique expliquer ce qui s'est réellement passé, à l'entendre nommer les choses et les gens. Ça dérange. On m'a souvent suggéré d'écrire mes mémoires et j'ai toujours refusé. Alors pourquoi maintenant ? Parce que j'ai pu constater à quel point on avait dénaturé ce que je suis, ce que je fais, ce à quoi j'aspire. Personne n'aime qu'on brosse un tableau sombre à son propos. Mais au-delà des blessures d'ego, ce sont les trahisons qui font mal. Ce sont les agendas cachés qui nuisent. Les intérêts personnels qui passent loin devant ceux du bien commun. Avaler sa pilule et partir sans faire de vagues est de mise. Pourtant, ne nous prétendons-nous pas avides de vérité, épris de justice ? À une époque où les rumeurs et les « fake news » se propagent à vitesse 5G, n'est-il pas particulièrement pertinent de connaître les faits afin de se forger une opinion ? À voir la réaction de certains, on peut en douter. Mais posons-nous la question : à qui sert cette omertà sur la vérité ? Alors, m'adresser directement à vous, vous raconter mon histoire ? Absolument. Maintenant, plus que jamais. Mea culpa d'avoir laissé courir toutes sortes de déformations et d'histoires à mon sujet. Je vous propose de mettre de côté vos préjugés et de repartir à neuf. Bonjour, je suis Martine. Ravie de faire votre connaissance !"-- Résumé de l'éditeur

World Energy Handbook presents an overview of the energy systems of selected countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. It is a complete guide to energy history and generation in these countries, including renewable energy, storage, and use. The authors follow the same analytical approach for each country to construct comprehensive surveys of all aspects of energy systems, examining the advantages and disadvantages of each country's energy infrastructures. The handbook aims to raise awareness about the condition and deficiencies of energy systems in developing countries, and the potential for the countries to improve, grow, and advance the technologies for energy generation – especially by turning to renewable energy sources to increase energy storage capacities and optimizing the way subsystems are integrated. The book serves as a must-have guide for decision-makers, investors, business people, and other professionals to understand the global distribution of energy generation, transmission, and each country's carbon footprint and identify opportunities for energy system improvement worldwide.

This book explores the potential of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) in the field of hydrogen production. It describes this technology in detail, including fundamentals, state-of-the-art the technology, materials development, current limitations, recent trends and industrial applications. It clarifies SOECs role in decarbonizing the energy sector, drawing on contributions from experts in the field. Erscheinungsdatum: 05.05.2023

This book presents selected articles presented at the 2nd Energy Security and Chemical Engineering Congress (ESChE 2021). This collection of proceedings presents the key challenges and trends related to mechanical as well as materials engineering and technology in setting the stage for promoting the sustainable technological solution for the better world. The book discusses recent explorations and findings with regard to mechanical and materials, specifically the thermal engineering and renewable energy areas that are very relevant toward the establishment of sustainable technological solutions. This book benefits academic researchers and industrial practitioners in the field of renewable energy and material engineering for energy applications.

Fundamentals of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Design and Application is written for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in renewable energy and heat transfer. This classroom-tested text covers ground heat exchanger modeling, secondary loop ground-source system design, pumping energy, thermal response testing, commercial building applications, and horizontal and groundwater ground heat exchangers. The book is oriented to practical applications, including the economic analysis of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, but more theoretical sections are provided covering research-related geothermal applications. Chapters on heat transfer fundamentals and heat pump concepts are included for readers less familiar with thermal engineering concepts. A chapter covering the economic analysis of GSHP systems is also included. All of the examples and problems in the book are solved using the open-source Python programming language. Thebook will provide students in geothermal energy courses with a solid understanding of the subject. It will also be a valuable reference for professionals working in the field of renewable energy.

Handbook Of Artificial Intelligence Techniques In Photovoltaic Systems: Modelling, Control, Optimization, Forecasting And Fault Diagnosis Provides Readers With A Comprehensive And Detailed Overview Of The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Pv Systems. Covering Up-to-date Research And Methods On How, When And Why To Use And Apply Ai Techniques In Solving Most Photovoltaic Problems, This Book Will Serve As A Complete Reference In Applying Intelligent Techniques And Algorithms To Increase Pv System Efficiency. Sections Cover Problem-solving Data For Challenges, Including Optimization, Advanced Control, Output Power Forecasting, Fault Detection Identification And Localization, And More. Supported By The Use Of Matlab And Simulink Examples, This Comprehensive Illustration Of Ai-techniques And Their Applications In Photovoltaic Systems Will Provide Valuable Guidance For Scientists And Researchers Working In This Area. Includes Intelligent Methods In Real-time Using Reconfigurable Circuits Fpgas, Dsps And Mcs Discusses The Newest Trends In Ai Forecasting, Optimization And Control Applications Features Matlab And Simulink Examples Highlighted Throughout

Smart zero-energy buildings and communities have a major role to play in the evolution of the electric grid towards alignment with carbon neutrality policies. The goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment can be pursued through a holistic approach, including the drastic reduction of buildings' energy consumption. The state-of-the-art in this field relates, on the one hand, to design methodologies and innovative technologies which aim to minimize the energy demand at the building level. On the other hand, the development of information and communication technologies, along with the integration of renewable energy and storage, provide the basis for zero and positive energy buildings and communities that can produce, store, manage and exchange energy at a local level. This book provides a structured and detailed insight of the state-of-the-art in this context based on the analysis of real case studies and applications.

Front Cover Power Electronics Handbook Copyright Contents Contributors Preface for Fifth Edition Introduction Power electronics backgrounds Organization Changes in the fifth edition Locating your topic Audience Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Power Electronics Defineda 1.2. Key Characteristics 1.2.1. The Efficiency Objective: The Switch 1.2.2. The Reliability Objective: Simplicity and Integration 1.3. Trends in Power Supplies 1.4. Conversion Examples 1.4.1. Single-Switch Circuits 1.4.2. The Method of Energy Balance 1.5. Tools for Analysis and Design 1.5.1. The Switch Matrix 1.5.2. Implications of Kirchhoff´s Voltage and Current Laws 1.5.3. Resolving the Hardware Problem: Semiconductor Devices 1.5.4. Resolving the Software Problem: Switching Functions 1.5.5. Resolving the Interface Problem: Lossless Filter Design 1.6. Sample Applications 1.7. Summary References Section A: Power Electronic Devices Chapter 2: Semiconductor Diodes and Transistors 2.1. Background in Semiconductor Physics 2.2. Semiconductor Diode 2.2.1. Static Characteristics 2.2.2. Dynamic Characteristics 2.2.3. Common Types of Diodes 2.2.4. Evaluating the Dynamic Characteristics of Real Diodes 2.2.5. Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes 2.2.6. Typical Application of Diodes 2.2.6.1. Rectifiers 2.2.6.2. Freewheeling 2.2.6.3. Voltage Multiplier 2.2.7. PSPICE Model 2.3. Power Bipolar Transistor 2.3.1. Basic Structure and Operation 2.3.2. Static Characteristics 2.3.3. Safe Operation Area (SOA) 2.3.4. Switching Characteristics 2.3.5. Transistor Base Driver Circuits 2.3.6. BJT Applications 2.3.7. PSPICE Model 2.4. Power MOSFET 2.4.1. Basic Structure 2.4.2. Static Characteristics 2.4.2.1. Ohmic Region 2.4.2.2. Cutoff Region 2.4.2.3. Active Region 2.4.3. Switching Characteristics 2.4.3.1. Turn-On Analysis 2.4.3.2. Turn-Off Analysis 2.4.4. Safe Operation Area 2.4.5. MOSFET Applications 2.4.6. PSPICE Model 2.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 2.5.1. Basic Structure 2.5.2. Static Characteristics 2.5.3. Switching Characteristics 2.5.3.1. Turn-On Analysis 2.5.3.2. Turn-Off Analysis 2.5.4. IGBT Applications 2.5.5. PSPICE Model 2.6. Switching Evaluation of a Real MOSFET 2.6.1. Results for Sw1 ON and Sw2 OFF and Rpot at the Maximum Resistance 2.6.2. Results for Sw1 ON and Sw2 OFF and Rpot at the Maximum Resistance 2.6.3. Results for Sw1 and Sw2 ON and Rpot at the Maximum Resistance 2.6.4. Results for Sw1 and Sw2 OFF and Rpot at the Maximum Resistance 2.7. Heatsink Thermal Design for Power Semiconductors 2.7.1. Heatsink Design 2.8. Transistor Selection Criteria References Further Reading Chapter 3: Thyristors 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Basic Structure and Operation 3.3. Static Characteristics 3.3.1. Current-Voltage Curves for Thyristors 3.3.2. Edge and Surface Terminations 3.3.3. Packaging 3.4. Dynamic Switching Characteristics 3.4.1. Cathode Shorts 3.4.2. Anode Shorts 3.4.3. Amplifying Gate 3.4.4. Temperature Dependencies 3.5. Thyristor Parameters 3.6. Types of Thyristors 3.6.1. SCRs and GTOs 3.6.1.1. On-State Characteristics 3.6.1.2. Off-State Characteristics 3.6.1.3. Rate of Rise of Off-State Voltage (dvD/dt) 3.6.1.4. Gate Triggering Characteristics 3.6.1.5. GTO Switching Phases Turn-On On-State Turn-off Off-State Period 3.6.1.6. GTO SPICModel 3.6.2. MOS-Controlled Thyristors 3.6.2.1. Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics 3.6.2.2. Turn-On and Turn-Off 3.6.2.3. Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices 3.6.2.4. Protection of MCTs Paralleling of MCTs Overcurrent Protection Snubbers Simulation Model of an MCT 3.6.3. MOS Turn-Off Thyristor [25] 3.6.4. Optically Triggered Thyristors 3.6.5. Bi-directional Controlled Thyristors 3.7. Gate Drive Requirements 3.7.1. Snubber Circuits 3.7.2. Gate Circuits 3.8. Applications 3.8.1. DC-AC Utility Inverters 3.8.2. Motor Control 3.8.3. VAR Compensators and Static Switching Systems 3.8.4. Lighting Control Circuits References Chapter 4: SiC and GaN Power Semiconductor Devices 4.1. Background 4.2. Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride Materials 4.2.1. Silicon Carbide Polytypes 4.2.2. Gallium Nitride Crystal Structures 4.2.2.1. Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride Physical and Electrical Properties 4.2.2.2. Critical Electric Field 4.2.2.3. Intrinsic Carrier Concentration 4.2.2.4. Saturated Drift Velocity 4.2.2.5. Thermal Stability 4.2.2.6. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 4.2.2.7. Figure of Merit FOM for Materials and Technology FOM for Devices 4.3. SiC Power Devices 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.2. SiC Power Diodes 4.3.2.1. SiC Schottky Diode 4.3.2.2. SiC PiN Diode 4.3.2.3. SiC Junction Barrier Schottky Diode 4.3.3. SiC MOSFET 4.3.4. SiC JFET 4.3.5. SiC BJT 4.3.6. SiC IGBT 4.3.7. SiC Thyristor 4.4. GaN Power Devices 4.4.1. Lateral GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes 4.4.2. Vertical GaN PiN Diodes 4.4.3. GaN JFET 4.4.3.1. Vertical JFET 4.4.3.2. Lateral Channel JFET With Vertical Drift Region 4.4.4. GaN MOSFET 4.4.4.1. Vertical Trench MOSFET 4.4.4.2. Lateral MOSFET 4.4.5. GaN HEMT 4.4.5.1. GaN HEMT Structure 4.4.5.2. GaN HEMT DC Characteristics 4.4.5.3. GaN HEMT Design Considerations 4.4.5.4. GaN Device Trends Appendix: Lightly Doped Drift Region Thickness References Chapter 5: Power Electronic Modules 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Discrete Power Devices Versus Power Modules 5.3. An Example of a Power Module 5.4. Manufacturing Process 5.4.1. Semiconductor Chips 5.4.2. Die Attach 5.4.3. Wire Bonds 5.4.4. Direct Bonded Copper (DBC) Substrate 5.4.5. Baseplate 5.5. Types of Power Electronic Modules 5.5.1. A Survey of Power Electronic Module Topologies 5.5.2. Power Semiconductor Devices Used in Power Electronic Modules 5.5.2.1. Power Diode 5.5.2.2. Power MOSFET 5.5.2.3. Power IGBT 5.5.2.4. Power Thyristor 5.5.2.5. Power BJT 5.6. Thermal Management of Power Modules 5.6.1. The Purpose of Thermal Management 5.6.2. Equivalent Thermal Network of Power Module 5.6.3. Cooling Solutions for Power Module 5.6.3.1. Air Cooling 5.6.3.2. Liquid Cooling 5.6.3.3. Double-Sided Cooling 5.6.3.4. Double-Sided Cooling Using the DBC Structure 5.6.3.5. Double-Sided Cooling Using the Press-Pack Structure 5.7. Reliability of Power Modules 5.7.1. Reliability Tests [17] 5.8. Design Guidelines and Considerations 5.8.1. Bypass Capacitor Considerations 5.8.2. Gate Driver Design Considerations 5.8.3. Gate Kelvin Contacts 5.8.4. Other Design Considerations 5.9. Recent Trends in Power Electronics Modules 5.9.1. SiC Devices 5.9.2. GaN Devices 5.9.3. Advanced Packaging Trends 5.9.4. Advanced Thermal Management Options for Power Electronics Modules 5.10. Summary References Section B: Power Electronics Converters Chapter 6: Diode Rectifiers 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers 6.2.1. Single-Phase Half-Wave Diode Rectifier 6.2.2. Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier 6.2.3. Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Bridge Rectifier 6.3. Performance Parameters 6.3.1. Voltage Relationships 6.3.2. Current Relationships 6.3.3. Power Relationships 6.3.4. Ripple Factor 6.3.5. Rectification Ratio 6.3.6. Transformer Power Factor 6.3.7. Fourier Analysis 6.3.8. Design Considerations 6.4. Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers 6.4.1. Three-Phase Half-Wave Diode Rectifier 6.4.2. Three-Phase Full-Wave Diode Bridge Rectifier 6.5. Six-Phase Diode Rectifiers 6.5.1. Six-Phase Half-Wave Diode Rectifier 6.5.2. Six-Phase Full-Wave Series Diode Bridge Rectifier 6.6. Passive Filters in Diode Rectifier Circuits 6.6.1. Inductive Filter Connected to the Rectifier DC-Side 6.6.2. Capacitive Filter Connected to the Rectifier DC-Side 6.6.3. LC Filter Connected to the Rectifier DC-Side 6.7. Diode Rectifier Commutation Overlap 6.8. Off-Shore Wind Power Plant Connected to Diode-Based HVDC Link 6.8.1. Diode-Based HVDC Link Description 6.8.2. System Ratings, Nomenclature, dq Domain, and Per Unit Representation 6.8.3. System Simulation 6.8.4. Diode Rectifier Unit Components 6.8.4.1. AC Filters 6.8.4.2. Transformers 6.8.4.3. HVDC Diode Bridge Rectifier 6.8.4.4. DC Filters 6.8.5. HVDC Diode Rectifier Model 6.8.6. Diode-Based HVDC Link Operation in Steady State 6.8.7. Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Diode-Based HVDC Link 6.8.7.1. State-Space Variables and Equations 6.8.7.2. Model Validation and Small-Signal Stability Analysis 6.9. High-Frequency Diode Rectifiers 6.9.1. Forward Converter 6.9.2. Diodes Design Appendix A. HVDC System Parameters Appendix B. DRU AC-Filter Banks References Chapter 7: Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Performance Factors 7.2.1. Summary of Section 7.2 7.3. Line-Commutated Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 7.3.1. Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 7.3.2. Bi-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 7.3.3. Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier 7.3.4. Analysis of the Input Current 7.3.5. Power Factor of the Rectifier 7.3.6. The Commutation of the Thyristors 7.3.7. Operation in the Inverting Mode 7.3.8. Applications 7.3.9. Summary of Section 7.3 7.4. Unity Power Factor Single-Phase Rectifiers 7.4.1. The Problem of Power Factor in Single-Phase Line-commutated Rectifiers 7.4.2. Standards for Harmonics in Single-Phase Rectifiers 7.4.3. The Single-Phase Boost Rectifier 7.4.3.1. Working Principle, Basic Concepts 7.4.3.2. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) 7.4.3.3. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) 7.4.3.4. Resonant Structures for the Boost Rectifiers 7.4.3.5. Bridgeless Boost Rectifier 7.4.4. Voltage Doubler PWM Rectifier 7.4.5. The PWM Rectifier in Bridge Connection 7.4.6. Applications of Unity Power Factor Rectifiers 7.4.6.1. Boost Rectifier Applications 7.4.6.2. Voltage Doubler PWM Rectifier 7.4.6.3. PWM Rectifier in Bridge Connection 7.4.7. Synchronous Rectifier 7.4.7.1. Operating Principle 7.4.8. Controlled Rectifier Using Single-Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC)-Boost Rectifier Operation 7.4.9. Summary of Section.7.4 7.5. Summary References Chapter 8: Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Line-Commutated Controlled Rectifiers 8.2.1. Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 8.2.2. Six-Pulse or Double-Star Rectifier 8.2.3. Double-Star Rectifier With Interphase Connection 8.2.4. Three-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier or Graetz Bridge 8.2.5. Half-Controlled Bridge Converter 8.2.6. Commutation 8.2.7. Power Factor 8.2.8. Harmonic Distortion 8.2.9. Special Configurations for Harmonic Reduction 8.2.10. Applications of Line-Commutated Rectifiers in Machine Drives 8.2.11. Applications in HVDC Power Transmission 8.2.12. Dual Converters 8.2.13. Cycloconverters 8.2.14. Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices 8.3. Force-Commutated Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 8.3.1. Basic Topologies and Characteristics 8.3.2. Operation of the Voltage Source Rectifier 8.3.3. PWM Phase-to-Phase and Phase-to-Neutral Voltages 8.3.4. Control of the DC Link Voltage 8.3.4.1. Voltage-Source Current-Controlled PWM Rectifier 8.3.4.2. Voltage-Source Voltage-Controlled PWM Rectifier 8.3.4.3. Voltage-Source Load-Controlled PWM Rectifier 8.3.5. New Technologies and Applications of Force-Commutated Rectifiers 8.3.5.1. Active Power Filter 8.3.5.2. Frequency Link Systems 8.3.5.3. Special Topologies for High-Power Applications 8.3.5.4. Machine Drives Applications 8.3.5.5. Variable Speed Power Generation 8.3.5.6. Power Rectifiers Using Multilevel Topologies Further Reading Chapter 9: DC-DC Converters 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Buck Converters 9.3. Boost Converter 9.4. Buck-Boost Converter 9.5. Cuk Converters 9.6. SEPIC Converters 9.7. Flyback Converter 9.8. Interleaved Converter 9.9. Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 10: Inverters 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Single-Phase Inverters 10.2.1. Voltage-Source Inverter 10.2.2. Current-Source Inverter 10.2.3. Impedance Source Inverter 10.2.4. Photovoltaic Inverters 10.2.5. Other Inverter Schemes 10.2.6. Pulse Width Modulation 10.2.6.1. The Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Technique Bipolar PWM Technique Unipolar PWM Technique 10.2.6.2. Selective Harmonic Elimination Bipolar SHE Technique Unipolar SHE Technique 10.2.6.3. DC Link Current 10.3. Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 10.3.1. Sinusoidal PWM 10.3.2. Square-Wave Operation of Three-phase VSIs 10.3.3. Sinusoidal PWM with Zero Sequence Signal Injection 10.3.4. Selective Harmonic Elimination in Three-phase VSIs 10.3.5. Space-Vector (SV)-Based Modulating Techniques 10.3.5.1. Space-Vector Transformation 10.3.5.2. Space-Vector Sequences and Zero Space-Vector Selection 10.3.5.3. The Normalized Sampling Frequency 10.3.6. DC Link Current in Three-Phase VSIs 10.3.7. Phase-Load Voltage in Three-Phase VSIs 10.4. Three-Phase Current Source Inverters 10.4.1. Carrier-Based PWM Techniques in CSIs 10.4.2. Square-Wave Operation of Three-phase CSIs 10.4.3. Selective Harmonic Elimination in Three-phase CSIs 10.4.4. Space-Vector-Based Modulating Techniques in CSIs 10.4.4.1. Space-Vector Transformation in CSIs 10.4.4.2. Space-Vector Sequences and Zero Space-Vector Selection 10.4.4.3. The Normalized Sampling Frequency 10.4.5. DC Link Voltage in Three-phase CSIs 10.5. Multilevel Inverters 10.5.1. Voltage Source-Based Multilevel Topologies 10.5.1.1. Neutral Point Clamped Inverter 10.5.1.2. Flying Capacitors Inverter 10.5.1.3. Cascade Inverter 10.5.2. Current Source-Based Multilevel Topologies 10.5.3. Modulation Techniques in Multilevel Inverters 10.5.3.1. The SPWM Technique 10.5.3.2. The SPWM Technique in Three-level CSIs 10.5.3.3. The Space-Vector Modulation 10.5.3.4. Balancing Issues 10.6. Closed-Loop Operation of Inverters 10.6.1. Transformation Frames 10.6.2. Feedforward Techniques in Voltage Source Inverters 10.6.3. Feedback Techniques in Voltage Source Inverters 10.6.3.1. Hysteresis Current Control 10.6.3.2. Linear Control of VSIs 10.6.3.3. Linear Control of VSIs in a Rotating Frame 10.6.4. Feedback Techniques in Current Source Inverters 10.7. Regeneration in Inverters 10.7.1. Motoring Operating Mode in Three-phase VSIs 10.7.2. Regenerative Operating Mode in Three-phase VSIs 10.7.2.1. Occasional Regenerative Operating Mode 10.7.2.2. Regenerative Operating Mode as Normal operating Mode 10.7.3. Regenerative Operating Mode in Three-phase CSIs Further Reading Chapter 11: Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Classification 11.3. Resonant Switch 11.3.1. ZC Resonant Switch 11.3.2. ZV Resonant Switch 11.4. Quasi-Resonant Converters 11.4.1. ZCS-QRCs 11.4.1.1. Mode-I: (0tt1) 11.4.1.2. Mode-II: (t1tt2) 11.4.1.3. Mode-III: (t2tt3) 11.4.1.4. Mode-IV: (t3tt4) 11.4.2. ZVS-QRC 11.4.2.1. Mode-I: (0tt1) 11.4.2.2. Mode-II: (t1tt2) 11.4.2.3. Mode-III: (t2tt2´) 11.4.2.4. Mode-IV: (t2´tt3) 11.4.3. Comparisons Between ZCS and ZVS 11.5. ZVS in High-Frequency Applications 11.5.1. ZVS With Clamped Voltage 11.5.2. Half-Bridge ZVS Quasi-Resonant Converter 11.5.2.1. Stage-I (t0-t1) 11.5.2.2. Stage-II (t1-t2) 11.5.2.3. Stage-III (t2-t3) 11.5.2.4. Stage-IV (t3-t4) 11.5.3. Phase-Shifted Converter with Zero-Voltage Transition 11.5.3.1. Mode-I: (t0tt1) 11.5.3.2. Mode-II: (t1tt2) 11.5.3.3. Mode-III: (t2tt3) 11.5.3.4. Mode-IV: (t3tt4) 11.5.3.5. Mode-V: (t4tt5) 11.5.3.6. Mode-VI: (t5tt6) 11.5.3.7. Mode-VII: (t6tt7) 11.5.3.8. Mode-VIII: (t7tt8) 11.6. Multi-Resonant Converters 11.6.1. Mode-I: (t0tt1) 11.6.2. Mode-II: (t1tt2) 11.6.3. Mode-III: (t2tt3) 11.6.4. Mode-IV: (t3tt4) 11.7. Zero-Voltage-Transition Converters 11.8. Non-Dissipative Active Clamp Network 11.9. Load-Resonant Converters 11.9.1. Undamped Series Resonant Circuit 11.9.2. Undamped Parallel Resonant Circuit 11.9.3. Series Resonant Converters 11.9.3.1. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (ωS0.5ωr) Mode-I (t0-t1) Mode-II (t1-t2) Mode-III (t2-t3) Mode-IV (t3-t4) Mode-V (t4-t5) 11.9.3.2. Continuous Conduction Mode (0.5ωrωsωr) 11.9.3.3. Continuous Conduction Mode (ωrωs) 11.9.3.4. Parallel Resonant Converters 11.9.3.5. Discontinuous Conduction Mode Mode-I (t0-t1) Mode-II (t1-t3) Mode-III (t3-t4) Mode-IV (t4-t5) 11.9.3.6. Continuous Conduction Mode (ωsωr) 11.9.3.7. Continuous Conduction Mode (ωsωr) 11.9.3.8. Series-Parallel Resonant Converter 11.10. Control Circuits for Resonant Converters 11.10.1. QRCs and MRCs 11.10.2. Phase-shifted, ZVT FB Circuit 11.11. Extended-Period Quasi-Resonant Converters 11.11.1. Circuit Operation 11.11.1.1. Interval I: (t0-t1) 11.11.1.2. Interval II: (t1-ta) 11.11.1.3. Interval III: (ta-tb) 11.11.1.4. Interval IV: (tb-t2) 11.11.1.5. Interval V: (t2-t3) 11.11.1.6. Interval VI: (t3-t4) 11.11.2. Design Procedure 11.11.2.1. Resonant Tank Design 11.11.2.2. Filter Component Design 11.11.3. Soft-Switched DC-DC Flyback Converter 11.11.4. A ZCS Bidirectional Flyback DC-DC Converter 11.12. Soft-Switching and EMI Suppression 11.13. Snubbers and Soft Switching for High Power Devices 11.14. Soft-Switching DC-AC Power Inverters 11.14.1. Resonant (Pulsating) DC Link Inverter 11.14.2. Active-Clamp Resonant DC Link Inverter 11.14.3. Resonant DC Link Inverter with Low-Voltage Stress [56] 11.14.4. Quasi-Resonant Soft-Switched Inverter [57] 11.14.4.1. Circuit Operation 11.14.4.2. Design Considerations Cr1 and Cr2 Inductor Lr Triggering Instants of the Switches 11.14.4.3. Control of Quasi-Resonant Soft-Switched Inverter Using Digital Time Control [58] 11.14.5. RPI and ARCPI References Chapter 12: Multilevel Power Converters 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Multilevel Power Converter Structures 12.2.1. Cascaded H-Bridges 12.2.2. Diode Clamped (Neutral Point Clamped) 12.2.3. Flying Capacitors 12.2.4. Modular Multilevel Converters 12.2.4.1. Voltage-Balancing Control 12.2.4.2. Circulating Current Control 12.2.4.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of MMCs 12.2.5. Other Multilevel Converter Topologies 12.2.5.1. Generalized Multilevel Converter 12.2.5.2. Mixed Level Hybrid Multilevel Converter 12.2.5.3. Soft-Switched Multilevel Converter 12.2.5.4. Back-to-Back Multilevel Converter 12.3. Multilevel Converter Fundamental Frequency Modulation Strategies 12.3.1. Nearest Level Modulation 12.3.2. Selective Harmonic Elimination with Fundamental Switching Frequency 12.4. Multilevel Converter PWM Methods 12.4.1. Multilevel Carrier-Based PWM 12.4.1.1. Carrier Level-Shifted-PWM 12.4.1.2. Carrier Phase Shift PWM 12.4.2. Multilevel Space Vector PWM 12.4.3. Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM 12.5. Application Examples 12.5.1. Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 12.5.2. HVDC 12.5.3. STATCOM 12.5.4. Solid State Transformer 12.5.5. Electric Vehicle Extreme Fast Chargers 12.5.6. Interface with Renewable Energy Resources 12.6. Chapter Summary References Further Reading Chapter 13: AC-AC Converters 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Single-Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 13.2.1. Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 13.2.2. Single-Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller With On/Off Control 13.3. Three-Phase AC-AC Voltage Controllers 13.3.1. Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 13.3.2. Fully Controlled Three-Phase Three-Wire AC Voltage Controller 13.4. Cycloconverters 13.4.1. Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter 13.4.2. Three-Phase Cycloconverters 13.4.2.1. Three-Phase Three-Pulse Cycloconverter 13.4.2.2. Three-Phase 6-Pulse and 12-Pulse Cycloconverter 13.4.3. Cycloconverter Control Scheme 13.4.4. Cycloconverter Harmonics and Input Current Waveform 13.4.5. Cycloconverter Input Displacement/Power Factor 13.4.6. Effect of Source Impedance 13.4.7. Simulation Analysis of Cycloconverter Performance 13.4.8. Power Quality Issues 13.4.9. Forced Commutated Cycloconverter 13.5. Matrix Converter 13.5.1. Operation and Control of MC 13.5.2. Commutation and Protection Issues in a MC 13.5.3. Simulation of MC 13.5.4. Multilevel MC 13.5.5. Indirect Matrix Converters 13.5.6. Single-Phase MCs 13.6. HF Linked Single-Phase to Three-Phase MCs 13.6.1. HF Integral-Pulse Cycloconverter 13.6.2. High-Frequency Phase-Controlled Cycloconverter 13.7. Applications of AC-AC Converters 13.7.1. Applications of AC Voltage Controllers 13.7.2. Applications of Cycloconverters 13.7.3. Applications of MCs and New Developments References Chapter 14: Polyphase Converters and Applications 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Types and Topologies of Multiphase Converters 14.2.1. Multiphase AC-DC Converters 14.2.2. Multiphase DC-DC Converters 14.2.3. Multiphase DC-AC Converters 14.2.4. Multiphase AC-AC Converters 14.3. Multiphase Multipulse AC-DC Converters 14.3.1. Five Phase Uncontrolled Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 14.3.2. Five-Phase Controlled Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 14.3.3. Multipulse Rectifiers 14.3.3.1. 12-Pulse Series Type Controlled Rectifier 14.3.3.2. Pulse Parallel-Type Controlled Rectifier 14.3.4. Single-Way Multiphase Systems Topologies 14.3.5. Six-Phase AC to DC Converters 14.3.5.1. Six-Phase Half Wave With a Neutral Line Circuit 14.3.5.2. Six-Phase Double-Bridge Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifiers 14.3.5.3. Six-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers 14.4. Multiphase DC-AC Converters 14.4.1. Modeling and Control of a Five-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 14.4.1.1. Modeling of a Five-Phase VSI 14.4.1.2. Square Wave Mode of Operation 180 Degrees Conduction Mode 14.4.1.3. Pulse Width Modulation Mode of Operation 14.4.1.4. Model Transformation Using Decoupling Matrix 14.4.1.5. Hardware Implementation of a Five-Phase VSI in 180 Conduction Mode 14.4.1.6. Hardware Set-Up 14.4.1.7. Hardware Results 14.4.1.8. Results of 180 Degrees Conduction Mode 14.4.1.9. DSP Implementation of Step Mode of Operation 14.4.1.10. 180 Degrees Conduction Mode 14.4.2. Carrier-Based PWM 14.4.2.1. With Zero Sequence Signal 14.4.2.2. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 14.4.2.3. Fifth Harmonic Injection PWM 14.4.2.4. Offset or Triangular Zero-Sequence Injection PWM 14.4.2.5. Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Advantages of Space Vector PWM 14.4.2.6. Space Vector PWM for Sinusoidal Output 14.4.2.7. Experimental Implementation 14.4.3. Modeling and Control of a Seven-Phase VSI-Square Wave Mode 14.4.3.1. Fourteen-Step Operation of a Seven-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 14.4.3.2. PWM Mode of Operation 14.4.3.3. Model Transformation using Decoupling Matrix 14.4.4. Space Vector PWM Techniques for a Seven-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 14.4.4.1. Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation with Sinusoidal Output 14.4.4.2. Summary 14.5. Multiphase AC-AC Converter 14.5.1. Introduction 14.5.2. Brief Review 14.5.3. Defining the Voltage Transfer Ratio 14.5.3.1. The Unutilized Region Maximum Utilizable Region 14.5.3.2. Target Output Voltages 14.5.3.3. Input Voltage Optimization Output Voltage Optimization 14.5.3.4. Other Cases Odd-Phase Input and Even-Phase Output MC Even-Phase Input and Odd-Phase Output MC 14.5.4. Simplified Modulation Strategy 14.5.5. Other Control Techniques 14.5.6. Future Prospects 14.6. Multiphase DC-DC Converter 14.6.1. Multiphase Interleaved Buck Topology 14.6.1.1. Operation of Multiphase Buck Converter 14.6.1.2. Modes of Operation Mode 1. S1 is on and S2 is off (T1) Mode 2. Both S1 and S2 are off (T2) Mode 3. S2 is on and S1 is off (T3) State Space Analysis 14.6.1.3. Modes of Operation Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 14.6.1.4. State Space Averaging 14.6.1.5. Small Signal Analysis 14.6.1.6. Discontinuous Conduction Mode 14.6.1.7. Variation of Output Current Ripple With Duty Ratio and Design Consideration 14.6.2. Synchronous Multiphase Buck Topology 14.6.3. Multiphase Boost Converter 14.6.3.1. Modes of Operation Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 14.6.4. Coupled Inductor for Multiphase Buck 14.6.4.1. Modes of Operation Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 14.6.5. Advantages of Multiphase DC-DC Converters References Chapter 15: Power Factor Correction Circuits 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Definition of PF and THD 15.3. Power Factor Correction 15.3.1. Energy Balance in PFC Circuits 15.3.2. Passive Power Factor Corrector 15.3.3. Basic Circuit Topologies of Active Power Factor Correctors 15.3.3.1. The Buck Corrector 15.3.3.2. The Boost Corrector 15.3.3.3. The Buck-Boost Corrector 15.3.3.4. The Cuk, Sepic, and Zeta Correctors 15.3.3.5. Flyback Corrector 15.3.3.6. Forward, Forward-Flyback Correctors 15.3.3.7. A Single-Stage Quasi Z-Source Corrector 15.3.4. System Configurations of PFC Power Supply 15.4. CCM Shaping Technique 15.4.1. Current Mode Control 15.4.1.1. Average Current Control 15.4.1.2. I2 Average Current Mode Control 15.4.1.3. Variable-Frequency Peak Current Control 15.4.1.4. Constant-Frequency Peak Current Control 15.4.1.5. Hysteresis Control 15.4.1.6. Charge Control 15.4.1.7. Nonlinear-Carrier Control 15.4.2. Voltage Mode Control 15.4.2.1. Capacitor Voltage Control 15.4.2.2. Inductor Voltage Control 15.5. DCM Input Technique 15.5.1. PFC Capabilities of the Basic Converter Topologies in DCM 15.5.1.1. Buck Converter 15.5.1.2. Boost Converter 15.5.1.3. Buck-Boost Converter 15.5.1.4. Flyback Converter 15.5.1.5. Forward Converter 15.5.1.6. Cuk Converter and Sepic Converter 15.5.1.7. Zeta Converter 15.5.1.8. Flyboost Converter 15.5.2. AC-DC Power Supply with DCM Input Technique 15.5.3. CRM Technique 15.5.4. Other PFC Techniques 15.6. Summary References Chapter 16: Magnetic Circuit Design for Power Electronics 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Magnetic Materials and Characteristics 16.2.1. Magnetic Material Properties 16.2.2. Comparison of Magnetic Material Types 16.2.3. Future Developments 16.3. Magnetic Circuits 16.3.1. Faradays Magnetic Circuit Law 16.3.2. Amperes Magnetic Circuit Law 16.3.3. Reluctance and Inductance 16.4. Transformer Design 16.4.1. Design Example: Push-Pull Converter 16.4.1.1. Step 1: Core Selection 16.4.1.2. Step 2: Winding Selection 16.4.1.3. Step 3: Losses 16.5. High-Frequency Effects 16.5.1. Example: Push-Pull Converter 16.5.2. Fringing Effect 16.5.3. High-Frequency Litz Wire 16.5.4. Interleaving References Section C: General Applications Chapter 17: Solid-State Pulsed Power Modulators and Capacitor Charging Applications 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Power Semiconductors for PP 17.2.1. High-Voltage PIN Diodes (Step Recovery Diodes (SRDs)) 17.2.2. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology Transistors 17.2.2.1. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) Fast Driving Using Avalanche Transistors 17.2.2.2. Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 17.2.2.3. Injection-Enhanced Gate Transistors (IEGTs) 17.2.3. Thyristors and Turn-Off Thyristor Devices 17.2.4. Power JFETs and Derived Devices 17.2.5. Semiconductor Series Stacks and Generalized Cascodes, Semiconductor Parallel Stacks 17.2.5.1. Semiconductor Series Stacks 17.2.5.2. Generalized Cascodes 17.2.5.3. Parallel Stacks 17.2.6. Wide-Band-Gap Power Semiconductor Devices 17.3. Load Types and Requirements 17.3.1. Resistive (R) Loads 17.3.2. Capacitive (C) and RC Loads 17.3.3. Inductive (L) and LR Loads 17.4. Solid-State PP Topologies 17.4.1. Direct Switching 17.4.1.1. Floating Switch 17.4.1.2. Ground Switch 17.4.1.3. Series Stacks of Semiconductors 17.4.2. dc-dc Isolated Converters 17.4.2.1. Forward Topology 17.4.2.2. Flyback Topology 17.4.2.3. Bridge Topologies 17.4.3. Cascaded Topology 17.4.3.1. Modulators Without Output Transformers 17.4.3.2. Modulators With Output Transformers 17.4.4. Solid-State Marx Generators 17.4.4.1. Generation of Negative Pulses 17.4.4.2. Generation of Positive Pulses 17.4.5. Solid-State Marx-Based High-Voltage Switches 17.4.6. Solid-State Marx-Based Bipolar Generators 17.4.7. Voltage Droop Compensation in Solid-State Marx-Based Bipolar Generators 17.4.7.1. Voltage Droop Compensation with PWM PWM Voltage Droop Compensation Technique Output Filter Design 17.4.7.2. Resonance-Based Voltage Droop Compensation Concept Resonance-Based Voltage Droop Compensation Technique Resonant parameters 17.4.8. Solid-State Marx-Based Multilevel Bipolar Generators 17.5. Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications 17.5.1. Introduction 17.5.2. High-Voltage dc Power Supply With Charging Resistor 17.5.3. Resonance Charging 17.5.4. Switching Converters 17.6. Conclusions and Future Trends References Further Reading Chapter 18: Uninterruptible Power Supplies 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Classifications 18.2.1. Standby UPS 18.2.2. On-Line UPS System 18.2.3. Line-Interactive UPS 18.2.4. Universal UPS 18.2.5. Rotary UPS 18.2.6. Hybrid Static/Rotary UPS 18.2.7. DC UPS 18.2.8. Comparison of UPS Configurations 18.3. Performance Evaluation 18.4. Applications 18.5. Control Techniques 18.6. Energy Storage Devices 18.6.1. Battery 18.6.2. Flywheel 18.6.3. Fuel Cell References Chapter 19: Power Supplies 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Linear series voltage regulator 19.2.1. Regulating Control 19.2.2. Current Limiting and Overload Protection 19.3. Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator 19.4. Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators 19.4.1. Fixed Positive and Negative Linear Voltage Regulators 19.4.2. Adjustable Positive and Negative Linear Voltage Regulators 19.4.3. Applications of Linear IC Voltage Regulators 19.5. Switching Regulators 19.5.1. Single-Ended Isolated Flyback Regulators 19.5.1.1. Discontinuous-Mode Flyback Regulators 19.5.1.2. Continuous-Mode Flyback Regulators 19.5.2. Single-Ended Isolated Forward Regulators 19.5.3. Half-Bridge Regulators 19.5.4. Full-Bridge Regulators 19.5.5. Control Circuits and Pulse-Width Modulation Further Reading Chapter 20: Electronic Ballasts 20.1. Introduction 20.1.1. Basic Notions 20.1.2. Discharge Lamps 20.1.3. Electromagnetic Ballasts 20.2. High-Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps 20.2.1. General Block Diagram of Electronic Ballasts 20.2.2. Classification of Electronic Ballast Topologies 20.2.2.1. Nonresonant Ballasts 20.2.2.2. Resonant Ballasts Current-Fed Resonant Ballasts Voltage-Fed Resonant Ballasts 20.3. Discharge Lamp Modeling 20.4. Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts 20.4.1. Current-Fed Resonant Inverters 20.4.2. Voltage-Fed Resonant Inverters 20.4.2.1. Series-Loaded Resonant Circuit 20.4.2.2. Parallel-Loaded Resonant Circuit 20.4.2.3. Series-Parallel-Loaded Resonant Circuit 20.4.3. Design Issues 20.5. High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballasts 20.5.1. Harmonic Limiting Standards 20.5.2. Passive Solutions 20.5.3. Active Solutions 20.6. Applications 20.6.1. Portable Lighting 20.6.2. Emergency Lighting 20.6.3. Automotive Lighting 20.6.4. Home and Industrial Lighting 20.6.5. Microprocessor-Based Lighting References Chapter 21: Wireless Power Transfer 21.1. Introduction 21.2. The Brief History of Wireless Power Transfer 21.3. Types of W